NOVEMBER 2008
The GOP was bound to lose, and we did. You know by now that I've been a loyal and, I like to think, thinking Republican all my life (except for a brief college crush on California Governor Jerry Brown when he was dating Linda Ronstadt). I was one of the 58 million that voted for McCain–Palin versus the almost 67 million that voted for Obama–Biden. Early on election night we all knew that Barack Obama would become our next president.
And so it was done. Management of Washington—the company and the town—would belong solely to the Democrats, but between November and January we still had a lot to do.
Was the financial system stabilizing? Yes. Was all well? Were we creating jobs again? No.
We were spending $700 billion to get stability? Not even a t-shirt? It was a lot of money that wasn't going to build bridges, provide health care or lower taxes. It was money to save—not even fix—something we didn't understand and was horribly broken.
The criticism of Hank and everything Treasury was doing became intense and shrill. Every crisis must have a face, right? And the face of this crisis was Hank's.
Those vast international bodies that report on this stuff told us that the global outlook was dismal. They expected the advanced economies' GDP to shrink in 2009, for the first time since World War II. The theory of decoupling was gone. As a wise woman said (in Chapter 4) the world couldn't break up with the United States and the United States couldn't break up with the world.
Early this month the Fed and Treasury restructured AIG's $123 billion loan and increased it to over $150 billion. While in theory AIG was supposed to sell assets to pay down those loans, buyers were few in the incredible shrinking world economy.
AIG didn't endear itself to anyone by continuing to take trips to fancy places to woo current and potential clients. Congress was outraged, still, and called this evidence of "unbridled greed." We might have wanted AIG to do what it needed to get clients and earn money so they could pay us back. But no, self-righteousness was more en vogue. So AIG, banks receiving TARP money and even companies that were not, canceled travel and business conferences. That may have satisfied Congress, except when the waiters, maids, and lots of people who worked in the hospitality business lost their jobs because there wasn't any corporate business anymore.
The urban myth that Hank let Lehman fail on purpose, thus causing the financial crisis, continued. Every time Hank talked to the press or any group, someone asked a variation of the question "Why did you let Lehman fail?"
Hank's public relations weren't helped much when he announced on November 12 that we wouldn't use TARP to purchase MBS assets at all:
Over these past weeks we have continued to examine the relative benefits of purchasing illiquid mortgage-related assets. Our assessment at this time is that this is not the most effective way to use TARP funds … But other strategies I will outline will help to alleviate the pressure of illiquid assets.
As I assess where we are today, I believe we have taken the necessary steps to prevent a broad systemic event. Both at home and around the world we have already seen signs of improvement. Our system is stronger and more stable than just a few weeks ago. Although this is a major accomplishment, we have many challenges ahead of us. Our financial system remains fragile in the face of an economic downturn here and abroad, and financial institutions' balance sheets still hold significant illiquid assets. Market turmoil will not abate until the biggest part of the housing correction is behind us. Our primary focus must be recovery and repair.
Yes, in the dour days of September Hank had said purchasing MBS assets was the ticket, and then after the banks and Cred-Mart deteriorated throughout September and October he decided capital purchases would be more direct and immediate relief. Hank didn't act outside the authority Congress gave him, but Congress acted as if he had.
Later in November, Hank would describe the decision as,
… being pragmatic enough to change strategy in the face of changed facts and despite the inevitable criticism—we prevented a far worse financial crisis that would have severely damaged our economy and the economic well-being of all Americans. Had we executed the wrong strategy, and depleted the TARP resources in doing so, we would not have achieved our objective and would have deserved the severe criticism that would have inevitably followed such a failure.
Or as Senator Everett Dirksen said, "I have my principles, and one of those principles is flexibility."
Congressional response to Hank's announcement of this change was ferocious. Instead of asking, "What's needed and will this achieve it?" Republicans and Democrats pouted about the old strategy, the new strategy, about no strategy at all, about being told one thing then another or not being told at all. We were used to instant messaging, instant coffee and instant gratification, and expected instant economic recovery, too. This might have been a good time for leaders to lead us in a calm national discussion about markets and economics; instead they took aim at one another and at Hank.
As all this swirled in the national media, it was good to know that Tuesday, November 18, was America Recycles Day. Treasury had a wonderful celebration, although, alas, I couldn't go. Instead, I was watching a House Financial Services hearing with our familiar cast. Committee members struggled to see who could be the most outraged and in some cases, the most insulting.
Many were furious that Hank wasn't spending TARP money to end foreclosures; others were furious that he objected to spending it to rescue the auto companies (more about this in a moment). Still others were furious that he had changed strategy, that banks weren't lending again or that we hadn't yet clearly stated the conditions for receiving TARP funds. Some Republicans were asking how we would undo all the programs that had barely been started.
These were all valid concerns and questions, but it was sort of like watching your parents fight. No matter what they're fighting about, it doesn't make you feel so great about your family.
Nobody was particularly happy during these days and what better place to vent that unhappiness than in front of national television cameras? Everyone knew that you, me and our entire economy had lost confidence, and maybe I'm not the only one who didn't get much comfort from blaming and finger-pointing.
Hank's opening statement and his New York Times op-ed this same day explained why his strategy had changed:
By the time legislation had cleared the Congress, the global market crisis was so broad and severe, powerful steps were necessary quickly to stabilize our financial system. Our response, in coordination with the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and other banking regulators, was a program to purchase equity in banks around the country. We have committed $250 billion to this effort. This action, in combination with the FDIC's guarantee of certain debt issued by financial institutions, and the Fed's commercial paper program, helped us to immediately stabilize the financial system.
As we continued significant work on our mortgage asset purchase plan, it became clear just how much damage the crisis had done to our economy. Third quarter GDP showed negative 0.3 percent growth. The unemployment rate rose to a level not seen since in 15 years. Home price data showed that home prices in 10 major cities had fallen 18 percent over the previous year, demonstrating that the housing correction had not abated. The slowing of European economies has been even more dramatic.
We assessed the potential use of remaining TARP funding against the backdrop of current economic and market conditions. … We have therefore determined that the prudent course at this time is to conserve the remaining funds available from the TARP, providing flexibility for this and the next Administrations.
In his hearing statement, Ben gave good news that "Interbank short-term funding rates have fallen notably since mid-October, and we are seeing greater stability in money market mutual funds and in the commercial paper market." He also offered caution: "However, overall, credit conditions are still far from normal…"
The USA Today editorial board offered a voice of reason on November 19, the next day:
Our view on the economy: All we are saying is give TARP a chance.
It was clear from Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson's testimony Tuesday on Capitol Hill that he has not done a stellar job promoting his $700 billion financial rescue plan, otherwise known as the Troubled Asset Relief Program, or TARP.
Paulson faced incredulity on why he sold it as a plan to buy troubled assets and then switched it to one of investing directly in banks. He also was asked why he was slow in appointing overseers, and why the injection of $290 billion so far has not resulted in a flood of credit to consumers and small businesses.
Clearly TARP is, as one congressman put it, a seat-of-the-pants affair. And, clearly, Paulson could have been more transparent about what he was doing and why.
But after just six weeks, the program is not the failure that some, including Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., suggest it is. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said Tuesday it has been "critical" in averting more dire consequences. This economic mess took a long time to get into, and it's going to take a long time to clean up.
It's too early to call the TARP a rousing success, but it's also too soon to label it a flop. At a minimum, the program has helped tamp down the wildfire that was racing through the financial system earlier this fall.
Congress and the press remained unforgiving. At a Wall Street Journal forum with Hank and Clinton Treasury Secretaries Robert Rubin and Larry Summers, the moderator said that some of Hank's "experiments" hadn't turned out and asked whether it was "a mistake to let Lehman Brothers fail."
Hank answered, yet again, by saying, "We didn't have an option. People have a hard time understanding this because they think you're the government you can do anything."
In mid-October, I had started drafting what we considered Hank's summation speech, the annual Reagan Lecture on November 20 at the Reagan Library (you've read a lot of excerpts already). In the midst of everything else, over 20 people edited and revised.
The primary purpose of the Reagan Lecture was to remind the world that Reagan's philosophy and policies were still relevant. I read earlier Reagan Lecture speeches—by Supreme Court Justice John Roberts, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan—and Hank's first draft followed that mold, showing how in the 1980s President Reagan had turned around an economy at least as bad as what we were facing.
When we met to go over the first draft, Hank said, "I don't like this speech." First, he didn't want to talk about Reagan. I looked at Michele and Jim, sitting across from me in Hank's office. I shifted in my chair, raised my eyebrows, pursed my lips, trying to get their attention to say this was a mistake. I was practicing being the quiet instead of the Big Noise, but I should have spoken up. After the meeting ended, I walked with Michele and explained that one of the big points of the Reagan Lecture was to talk about Reagan. She nodded, distracted; of the million things on her plate this wasn't the main course.
After Hank gave the speech, Michele said that they should have talked more about Reagan.
I turned to the vast speechwriting staff and said, "I should have told them so. Louder. "
We had all wanted this speech to be different, special and important. In the end, it was too long and had too much policy wonkese. Although in the speech Hank said, "I will leave history to the historians." By now, he has written his book to tell his story, as he should. Nobody else can.
Hank added a magnanimous literary flourish as the Reagan speech conclusion:
We are all in the same boat. We must work together to first plug the leak, bail, and row together to reach the shore. Then we must work as a team to overhaul and refit the boat so we can handle the rough seas that will undoubtedly test us in the future.
I didn't feel like we were all in the same boat. I felt like Treasury and Hank had been thrown overboard to become fish food.
On November 20, the Dow closed at 7,552, the all-time low of the Bush Presidency. On the 21st, Obama announced that he would nominate New York Fed President Timothy Geithner to be the next Treasury Secretary. The Dow rebounded, not just because of Geithner, and by end of the month was up 1,200 points, to just above 8,800.
The late-November cheer was also over the announcement of an asset-based lending facility to restart the consumer lending market. Since September, the shadow banking system—the securitization of credit card, small business loans and consumer loans for buying stuff like cars and refrigerators that we learned about in Chapter 3—had essentially shut down. The Fed and Treasury would restock this Cred-Mart aisle by offering issuers of consumer-asset backed securities $20 billion of credit protection from the TARP money and $200 billion from the Federal Reserve. The Fed named this program TALF (Eureka! Term Asset-backed securities Lending Facility).
This same day, the Fed also announced it would directly purchase about $100 billion in GSE debt and $500 billion of GSE MBS, those chocolate boxes issued by Fannie, Freddie, Ginnie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Banks. Private-sector demand for MBS of any sort had vanished, and so the Fed became the borrower and lender of last resort, which is part of the reason we have a central bank.
The Fed and Treasury also announced that they would provide $20 billion in more capital and $300 billion of loan guarantees for the once-again-shaky Citigroup. Some also called Citigroup "a zombie bank," as in we had resurrected it from the dead and now it merely shuffled blind, mindless and not adding value to the economy.
The housing market was a zombie, too. The securitization that had made so many mortgages possible was still a hurdle to reducing foreclosures, because it was really difficult to figure out who owned what piece of what mortgage and negotiate refinancing terms.
The $300 billion Hope for Homeowners program was launched in early October. Six weeks later, one mortgage lender and fewer than 350 borrowers had applied. This $300 billion program was estimated to help only about 400,000 borrowers (did we already do the math: about $750,000 per borrower), but alas it hadn't helped a single one, yet.
This was a source of great finger-pointing as well. The Bush Administration didn't like the program and when we had to accept it in July to get the Fannie and Freddie provisions we did want, we negotiated some terms to make sure it didn't help speculators or irresponsible lenders. The Democrats said those terms were now dooming it to failure.
But we weren't sitting in the foreclosed house watching the backyard grass grow. Treasury, FHA, Fannie, Freddie and the HOPE NOW alliance announced a "streamlined modification program" that would find troubled borrowers before they went 90 days late on their mortgages and, if possible, expedite a mortgage modification. Even before this, HOPE NOW was helping about 200,000 homeowners a month, without any taxpayer money. Fannie and Freddie suspended all foreclosure proceedings for 90 days and when that time was up, suspended them for even longer.
All these modifications, all these promised billions couldn't fix the main problem—some people wouldn't or couldn't pay their mortgage, no matter how many programs, supports or suspensions we threw their way.
We learned that over half of borrowers went back into foreclosure even after their mortgage was modified. Maybe they lost their jobs in the lousy economy. Maybe the loan wasn't modified enough. Maybe they had put no money down and had no incentive to pay at all. While you and I were surely sympathetic, we didn't want to help out the irresponsible while we, the responsible, silent majority, paid on time even when it wasn't easy.
The Washington Post said as much in an editorial:
There is much discussion now of adding an even bigger anti-foreclosure measure to an economic stimulus plan in the first days of the Obama administration. But recent experience teaches that it is hard to design an anti-foreclosure plan that is both targeted and effective—and that the recession is now driving housing's woes, not the other way around.
We know the U.S. auto industry had been hit like every other industry by the economic slowdown and the financial freeze. They also had the extra hardship of the gas shock earlier in the year. Now, many in Congress thought TARP money was the perfect solution to the cash-strapped auto companies' problems.
Even as Congress criticized Treasury for mismanaging TARP and general incompetence, they also wanted us to manage TARP to help the auto companies. Go figure.
Hank said over and over that TARP was intended and needed for financial institutions, including insurance and auto finance companies, but not the companies that actually manufactured cars. It's not that the car companies weren't important, of course they were, but TARP was not meant as a bank account for permanent industrial policy. Industrial policy is when the government picks winners and losers, just what oh so long ago we said governments should never do. For example, it's when you give favored treatment to the auto but not the construction industry, the farmers but not the fast food joints, ethanol but not oil production (Eureka! industrial policy).
Besides, Congress had already appropriated $25 billion for the auto companies to build "greener" cars. President Bush and Hank thought Congress ought to reallocate that to solve the current car crisis o' cash.
In an NPR interview, Robert Siegel asked Hank to explain, "what is essentially different between keeping a carmaker afloat, which was not a stated aim of the rescue package, and keeping credit card debt flowing, which also wasn't the much-debated aim of the rescue plan under Congress."
Note, the premise of this question is wrong—the point of the plan was to stabilize the financial system, and credit cards are a part of that. Nonetheless, the underlying question was "Why won't you help the autos?" And that's the question Hank answered:
We've said that the automotive industry is a very important industry. No one thinks that a bankruptcy of any auto manufacturer would be something that we'd like to see happen at this time … legislation [has] already passed Congress, which sets aside $25 billion for the auto industry. We're asking Congress to amend that bill … that was not the stated intent of the TARP.
At the contentious House Financial Services Committee hearing on November 18, there was much ado about autos. Congressman Kanjorski asked Hank, "What about the auto companies? It seems to me when you're treating a disease, you don't decide where the disease came from. You decide … the likely prognosis. And then you take action."
Hank answered this and all the other auto questions in essentially the same way:
The TARP was aimed at the financial system. That's what the purpose is…
OK, now in terms of autos, I have (said) repeatedly, I think it would be not a good thing … having one of the auto companies fail, particularly during this period of time …"
… and so again, I don't see this as the purpose of the TARP. Congress passed legislation that dealt with the financial system's stability.
… Congressman, I think I'll just leave it where I left it. I don't think this is the purpose of the legislation.
I feel a great responsibility to stick with what the purpose is. And the purpose is stabilizing and strengthening our financial system. And I've said to you very clearly that I—I believe that the auto companies fall outside of that purpose.
The next day the CEOs of those auto companies—General Motors, Chrysler and Ford—came before the same committee to make their case for government assistance. They would have done themselves more good staying in Detroit, instead of hurrying down to Washington in their … private jets.
Yes, the auto CEOs also got hysterical beatings from the royal Congress. It was all the more hypocritical because Congress was going to fund them, somehow, someway. The CEOs had failed to play their part of humble supplicants in the charade.
One point hardly mentioned was that both Ford and GM's company policy required the CEOs to fly in private jets for security reasons. CEOs are targets of crazy people who want to hurt them, and you might think their safety and time has some value. You might think that, but when you're coming to Congress asking for taxpayer help, you would be wrong.
The companies suspended these rules in time for the next hearing, and the CEOs drove for about eight hours from Michigan to Washington, DC in their fancy hybrid cars.
The Senate Banking Committee also held an auto industry hearing, possibly to make sure they got their chance to express self-righteous indignation.
I don't have a private jet and flew home, commercial, to Bakersfield for Thanksgiving. Once outside Washington, I saw how suddenly the economy had changed. My flights were half empty. My mom's beauty parlor offered "Economic Crisis Facial Specials" and the local paper had page after page of foreclosure deals. For years my brother Bret had been building 4,000 square foot houses for The Rich, but that business had slowed and now he was forming an engineering company to bid on government business since it seemed only the government would be building anything for the forseeable future.
If you drove for your Thanksgiving holiday, you smiled at paying less than $2.00 for a gallon of gas and hopefully had some real good pumpkin pie.
DECEMBER 2008
Some were so anxious for change, they wondered why Obama couldn't just become President, right now. Feeling ever more unpopular, we kept working night and day, sending TARP money to banks and taking beatings on Capitol Hill until morale improved.
Whether you liked Hank or not, he made the point of being visible, of speaking often enough so that you knew he was still trying to get the job done. On December 1, he made remarks on the state of the economy and the financial system as well as what we were doing with TARP and to aid recovery. He summarized the work done so far: $150 billion capital purchases in 52 banks, more applications for capital being considered, the consumer lending initiative, and the Fed's intention to purchase $600 billion of GSE debt and MBS. He also assured that he was maintaining "flexibility and firepower for the next Administration."
Early this month, the SEC ended a ten-month examination of the three major credit ratings agencies and took some steps to ensure ratings inflation wouldn't recur in the future. Bully for them, but we were still living with that more exuberant past when the ratings agencies seldom saw an MBS or CDO that wasn't AAA.
Also, early this month a man named Bernard L. Madoff, an investment advisor and former chairman of the NASDAQ stock market was arrested for a multi-billion-dollar Ponzi scheme.
December was also the last Strategic Economic Dialogue meeting with the Chinese, and Hank gave his final China speech. We wanted the Obama Administration to continue the SED, and it was a bit of a mini-commercial, arguing that we had "grappled," "collaborated" and "tackled" difficult issues, as if we were a wrestling, debating and football team all at once.
Hank and the SED had achieved progress; it may have seemed incremental but on the scale of U.S.–China relations it was (to use that favorite Treasury word) robust.
Chinese officials took this opportunity to lecture Hank, now that the lousy economic shoe was on the U.S. foot. They said the United States needed to stabilize its economy and quit telling them what to do to improve theirs. By November of 2008, China had overtaken Japan as the largest holder of U.S. government debt. As we had to sell more Treasury notes, bonds and bills to finance the government rescue bill and Fed programs, this would bring increasing and not so [profoundly mistaken] worry that we were selling our economy to the Chinese.
And thank goodness the economists finally told us that we had been in a recession since December of 2007. The 73-month economic expansion had come to an end a year earlier, they said. We didn't need them to tell us that; things were bad and we knew it.
And Obama told us things would get worse before they got better, and he wanted a massive economic recovery bill that would "create or save" 2.5 million jobs during his first two years in office. Speaker Pelosi promised that the bill would be ready to go in January.
Political jobs end automatically on noon of inauguration day and the career staff at Treasury were nudging us to the door. We had to write resignation letters and promise we wouldn't barricade ourselves in the building because, what, we were having so much fun we didn't want to leave?
The EESA had been law for barely 60 days, and the Government Accounting Office (GAO) issued a 66-page report criticizing Treasury's management of TARP. GAO said there wasn't sufficient oversight, we hadn't announced a new plan to save homeowners and we were violating the sacrosanct principle of "transparency." This report supported the critics who said we were incompetent and shouldn't be allowed to manage one more dime. David Nason said that he stopped watching the news "because all they do is call us idiots."
Neel, with the blessing or curse of being the TARP manager, spent one long December afternoon at a Congressional hearing where they called him a "chump," and said that Treasury had "lied to" and "bamboozled" Congress. As he took verbal beatings to the head and shoulders, Neel told himself that instead of getting angry, he would get calmer. People named him one of the 50 most beautiful people of the year and more than one single friend asked me if I actually knew him. Yes, I said, and he's happily married.
Elizabeth Warren, the Harvard law professor who had been appointed head of the TARP oversight board told Congress that GAO's auditors "found that Treasury has yet to address a number of critical issues" in its "bailout strategy." We didn't have a bailout strategy we had a preventing collapse strategy; you would hope she just misspoke.
The GAO report did note our significant challenges, such as being in the midst of a presidential transition and having about 50 staff for an office that needed 200. The whole program began to seem surreal and permanent. Hundreds would be hired and millions spent to oversee what was supposed to be a temporary program to get us through a crisis. The Office of Financial Stability would spend, and probably is still spending, millions to administer a program and then millions more to oversee the administration of the administers.
The GAO and the lawyers interpreted the TARP language as written broadly enough to help the automakers, after all. So Congress either had to let us, the idiots, help the automakers or they'd have to wait and let Obama do it in January. Problem was, Chrysler and GM said they would be out of money by then.
Our exit wouldn't be complete without more snarky criticism from The New York Times, who either missed or ignored a year of news about what we had been doing to minimize foreclosures. A December story said:
After pouring vast amounts of money in to financial institutions of almost very type, and having little to show for it, the Bush Administration and the Federal Reserve are suddenly taking a new look at ordinary homeowners.
You know, I really don't like those guys.
If there was any solution to housing it was unfortunately more like a 12-step program—we had to hit bottom, admit our addiction and introduce ourselves to the meeting, "My name is Stacy. I'm a homeowner."
We had a few holiday and goodbye parties, trying to not think about life in six weeks when we'd be unemployed in one of the worst economies ever, and unemployed Republicans in a town controlled by Democrats. Our holiday party made Jay Leno's monologue on The Tonight Show:
This year the Treasury Department is holding its annual holiday party inside something called the Cash Room. That's a big room where the Treasury Department holds all its[sic] cash it has on hand. Of course, these days it's empty so there's plenty more room to party.
At all parties, Hank was a presence even when he wasn't present, and small talk was often Hank-story talk. Hank had earned our respect for many things, including that he'd made decisions when decisions needed to be made.
In the same circle of cocktails and confidences, Michele told me that she saw her role as a buffer between Hank and me because he could be so harsh sometimes. I left the party shortly afterwards and walked back to my office. I looked out the window at the rush-hour traffic and thought I'd never wanted or needed a buffer. I should have spoken up, even if it meant a verbal slap-down every once and awhile. I wondered if I'd given myself credit for being humble, when in truth I had just been weak. How would I ever learn the difference?
In mid-December, Bank of America's shareholders approved the Merrill Lynch merger agreed to in the darkest days of September. In the spiral that took the markets and the whole economy down in the three months since then, Merrill Lynch's losses had only increased. They'd lost $14 billion in the 3rd quarter and Bank of America, who hadn't asked for government assistance for the purchase in September, asked for it now.
The Fed lowered the fed funds rate to as low as it could go—a target rate of 0–0.25%, in essence banks could borrow money almost for free.
At our final weekly Wednesday staff meeting, Hank thanked everyone for their hard work, especially since at a time when we were supposed to be winding down we were still wound up. He also said he never thought he'd have to talk so much about autos while at Treasury.
And everyone was now talking about the failing auto companies. By now it was clear Congress wouldn't or couldn't pass new legislation or reallocate that $25 billion. The White House started to signal that it would consider using TARP money, after all, to avoid putting as many as 1.1 million more people out of work, which was the estimate if Chrysler and General Motors went BK.
To help the auto companies, in addition to the money already invested in banks, we'd have to use the entire first $350 billion of the TARP and Congress didn't want us to have access to the second half. Who knows what crazy things we might do with it? So politics again brought us to the edge of the cliff. If Hank asked Congress for the rest of the $350 billion in case we needed it (say for the autos, Citigroup and Bank of America) and Congress said no, we'd head back into freefall.
On December 16, CNBC's Maria Bartiromo asked Hank if the autos would get the money by Christmas.
He responded, "The autos will get the money, as quickly as we can prudently do it."
She also asked, "Do you regret allowing Lehman to fail?"
Time named Hank Person of the Year runner-up (Barack Obama was the winner). The story said,
Paulson has become an unpopular, controversial figure. …The facts point toward two conclusions—Given the political and economic realities he faced, there is no obviously better path Paulson could have followed and Paulson is really bad at explaining why he made the choices he did.
And Barney Frank, with nice ironic wit, told Time that Hank had "been criticized for two things … preventing companies from going under and not preventing companies from going under."
Hank appeared at New York's 92nd Street Y "Captains of Industry" lecture series and the moderator asked, "So pretend it's January 21st … If I were you I'd be writing a book."
He answered, "Well, I'm going to think about a number of things. But first of all, I'm going to take some time … I'm an English major. I'm a real challenge for any speechwriter to work with."
A real challenge? The vast office of speechwriting nodded yes, and at the same time never regretted a moment.
He was asked about the decision to let Lehman go under, and the moderator said something I bet we've all thought: "who named the TARP … it's a really annoying name."
On December 19, Chrysler and GM got $17.4 billion to stay afloat while they restructured to "financial viability." Hank's statement also said "Congress will need to release the remainder of the TARP to support financial market stability."
And this was how bargains are made. Chrysler and GM would get TARP money to stave off disaster and Congress would release the rest of the TARP. It was a good compromise for Obama. President Bush didn't hand him a bankrupt auto industry and Obama wouldn't have to argue with Congress about the second $350 billion.
At Christmas, we announced another $2.8 billion of capital purchases in 49 more banks. Critics continued to argue that, despite all this money, banks still weren't lending. Did we really want them to lend to less-than credit-worthy customers? Isn't that part of what got us here in the first place? And goodness, did we want the government to be in the business of telling banks who to lend to? Some would say yes, that's the price of taking money from the Big Noise Uncle Sam.
Another Christmas arrived and my friend Tad and I went to midnight mass. We drove home in his rusted Thunderbird convertible that was once owned by the great golfer Sam Snead. It stalled as we idled by my back stairs, but recovered with a pop and a shudder as Tad drove away. Christmas morning I took Eva for a long walk, called home and then had dinner with friends. Not a noisy, traditional Christmas, but I was learning to be thankful for what I had and asked for the faith to believe that I would be blessed with what I was missing.
On the last day of this difficult year, Treasury sent Congress an exhaustive report about the first 90-days of action under TARP. Who said we didn't believe in disclosure?
And on the last day of this difficult year, I also remembered a ghost story. At the stroke of midnight, the story goes, all the statues in the U.S. Capitol come to life. The pioneers, lawyers, scientists and heroes step down from their pedestals and dance a waltz through the empty halls to celebrate another year of the Republic. They wouldn't care where the Dow closed or how much wealth had been lost; it was only money. They would dance because the United States was still strong, free and, despite our troubles, hopeful.
CHAPTER 11
WELL IN. WELL OUT.
JANUARY 2009
As much as I thought I was prepared for the melancholy of the end, I wasn't. I sorted through the stacks of old speech drafts piled on the floor, the windowsill, the edge of the desk, on top of the heater. I'd kept them all, the edits and changes a road map toward a final destination. Now they would travel to the shredder. We put together notebooks for the incoming Obama team and archived files documenting the lives we had led within the stately granite building I'd come to love. I put copies of all of Hank's speeches in notebooks for the next writer, and wondered if he or she would ever look at them, scorn or appreciate the arc of thought and policies. Would they do a better job turning policy wonkese into understandable English than I had?
Congressional Democrats returned to Washington, intent on revising executive compensation and other provisions of the EESA for a more sympathetic President to sign. What Congress and the press didn't say, either because it wasn't convenient or because they didn't understand, was that TARP had worked. We were off the cliff and back on stable ground, but recovery was still a long way away.
In the 12 months of 2008, the Dow had dropped 34%, the biggest loss since 1931. The S&P 500 stock index sank almost 40%, matching its 1937 decline. About $7 trillion of shareholder wealth, all the gains of the past six years had been lost. The stock market declines continued; in the first 20 days of January, the market fell over 800 points to close just below 8,000.
Even though mortgage rates were close to 5%, the lowest in 30 years, the housing market was still declining. The draft stimulus bill cost hovered at about $1 trillion; trillion was the new billion, like 60 is the new 40.
We couldn't count on you, the consumer, to spend us out of our troubles because you had less money, maybe no job and probably too much debt. In the new, new economy you were frugal and saving.
We couldn't count on corporate earnings to dig us out, either; what would earnings be in an economy where consumers weren't buying and companies weren't investing? Without corporate earnings, growth and jobs would remain elusive. Despite a stable financial system, we were still searching for the economic bottom; confidence was still missing and risk aversion still standing.
Hank gave a final speech on January 7 about how to fix Fannie and Freddie and two short television interviews, but remained mostly out of the public eye in deference to the new Administration. We were already yesterday's news; the speech wasn't covered widely or debated intently, and of course during the Q&A someone asked why he let Lehman fail.
The incoming Obama economic team joined the critical chorus and the President-elect's economic advisor Larry Summers sent a letter to congressional leaders that said:
The President-elect also shares the frustration of the American people that we have seen too little effect from this rescue plan on jobs, incomes and the ability of responsible homeowners to stay in their homes. … He believes the American people are right to be angry with the way this plan has been implemented … [and] is committed to using the full arsenal of tools available to us to get credit flowing again to families and businesses.
On January 15, Summers wrote a second letter assuring Congress that they would "commit substantial resources of $50–100 billion to address the foreclosure crisis" and "impose clear conditions on firms receiving government support." He also wrote, "The incoming Obama Administration has no intention of using any funds to implement an industrial policy."
The Senate voted to release the second half of the TARP funds on January 15, with Senator Dodd assured that the Obama administration would "make fundamental changes" and take the rescue in a "sharply new direction."
Through the annoyingly named TARP, we had made about $190 billion investments in 257 banks in 42 states so far, with thousands more lining up for government cashola. Some in the adult entertainment industry asked for a $5 billion bailout because their industry was also slumping. Even more ridiculous than the request was the fact that it actually got press coverage.
Bush gave his final press conference and said about his eight years as President that some days had been happy, some not so happy and that every day had been joyous. I had first worked for George W. Bush on his presidential campaign in May of 1999, when I was 38. So I was also saying goodbye to almost ten years of W, the President as I stumbled into my middle age.
I had started to look for non-writing jobs, and Deputy Secretary Bob Kimmitt was incredibly helpful as I explored going to work in the Treasury office at the U.S. embassy in Iraq. But then I found a company who wanted a business and finance speechwriter. God remained generous, nudging me to keep using my talent of writing, reading and worrying about where to put the comma.
Friday, January 16 was our last day. Monday was the Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday and at noon on the 20th we were through. So Friday was the day of good-bye emails and sending new contact information. It looked like we were all going to work for Google since most had Gmail instead of employer email addresses.
I usually don't do mass emails, but I did this day, with the same subject line I had sent for over 20 months: TIMELY! Please review ASAP. For the first time there wasn't a draft attached; instead I wrote "Ha! I couldn't resist. … I doubt I will ever work with a more fastidious group of grammarians."
On this last day, we announced another $20 billion and a $118 billion backstop for Bank of America, for losses due to the troubled assets "assumed … as a result of its acquisition of Merrill Lynch."
We will suffer the consequences of troubled assets and fancy concoctions for a long time.
The financial warriors at TFI had continued their good work throughout the turmoil, and on this last day put four al Qaida operatives in Iran on the terrorist list. Treasury Secretary Nominee Geithner had run into tax and confirmation problems by now, and so Stuart Levey, Under Secretary for TFI, would become the acting Secretary at noon on January 20.
The hallways were filled with packed boxes and a dull emptiness. Since the magical kingdom of Wall Street was no more, firms where many would have normally found jobs didn't exist, and those that did weren't hiring.
Were we walking out into a lousy economy of our own making? What if we had done nothing: Would the world have been more inviting or less?
George Washington is reported to have said to John Adams on the day Adams was sworn in as our second U.S. President, "You are well in; I am well out." Hank and all of us worked until the very end. Then we were well out and they were well in. The new Administration would inherit a stable financial kingdom. Kingdoms, though, are only as good as the people who live there. Beneath all the financial wizardry there were mistakes, pride, foolishness and greed.
Hank was asked in one of his final interviews how he thought history would treat his tenure.
"History will have to figure that out. All I know is I did my very best."
That included sweeping government intervention to avoid a complete financial collapse, which opened the door to bailouts and blame. Politics played a part in the final weeks, but not in the way you'd expect. President Bush said he felt "a sense of obligation to my successor … we're in a crisis now … but I don't want to make it even worse."
We were well-intentioned and fallible. The country had sped down the economic highway with the windows down and the radio on, and ran into an inevitable wreck. As we survey the damage and its causes, I hope we learn the right lessons.
By late afternoon there were no more reasons to hang around. I turned in my ID card, my Blackberry, put a forwarding message on voice mail and went to meet the rest of the soon-to-be-unemployed Treasury gang in a noisy bar. I didn't stay long. I was done; it was time to go outside and wait for another bus to either ride or let pass.
As I drove away from Treasury that evening, I looked through the rearview mirror and waved to my Alexander Hamilton. I hoped I had done my best; I'm never as certain as I'd like to be. I left behind the headwinds, the kingdom and the metaphor of a perfect storm. There had been nothing perfect about it.
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