Abdullah Abdullah,209,270
Abdullah Khan (son of Sher Ali),75—76
Abdu'Rahman
builds spy network,security services,91—94,97,137
centralizes Afghan government,93—99,133
consolidates village republics,87
controls religious leaders,93—96
formalizes agreements with British,83,88,133
death of,101
Abu Ghraib,309
Adel,Ibrahim,301—302
Afghan culture. See Culture of Afghanistan
Afghan Interim Government (AIG),221,339
Afghan National Army (ANA),308—309,330—331
Afghan National Police (ANP),308—309,330—331
Afghan Star television program,339
Afghan Student Association,186
Afghanistan
cities bombed in retribution for 9/11,260—261
daunting problems of postBonn era,275—278,289
dynastic empire under Ahmad Shah,17,31—32
as family business under Mohammedzais,63—66
independence recognized by GB,world,114—116
mineral wealth,333—336
modern borders established (1879),67,86
modernization programs,70,104,155—158
as nexus for Islamism,245
nonaligned during Cold War,148,162,165,201
opposes Pakistan state over Peshawar issue,159—161
reconstruction (see Reconstruction of Afghanistan) Soviet invasion/depopulation/with-drawal,190—200,214,217
Taliban takes control of Mujahideen-held provinces,235—236
culture (see Culture of Afghanistan)
Afghanistan in the Course of History(Ghobar),145
Afghanistan Unveiled film,283—284
Afghans-4-Tomorrow,291
Afghan-Soviet War,190—200,203—209,214—218,265
Af-Pak policies of Obama,323—325,327
Agency for International Development (AID),149—150
Ahad,Abdul,307
Ahmad Khan. See Ahmad Shah
Ahmad Shah
as young man,early reign,9—13
as patriarch of patriarchs,21
sacks India,13,31
unites Pushtoons and ethnic groups,14—15
death of,31—32
Ahmad Shah Baba. See Ahmad Shah
Airports,153,170
Akbar (son of Dost Mohammed).
See Akbar Khan,Wazir
Akbar Khan,Wazir
as young man of war,48—51
as Dost Mohammed's heir,60—61,63
leads Afghan rebellion against British,53—55
death of,64
Al Qaeda
origins,246
bombs embassies in Nairobi and Tanzania,250—252
Bush's perspective,257
considers airplanes as suicide bombs,259
trains for 9/11 attacks,260,267
implications of bin Laden's death,329—330
Al-Azhar University,122,174
Albright,Madeleine,256
Alcohol consumption,40,169,316
Alexander the Great,40,98—99,333
Ali,Mohammed,20
Ali Ahmad,114
Allah-u-Akbar demonstration against Soviets,193—195
Amanullah
succeeds Habibullah,105,108—109
attains independence from GB,111—116
implements revolutionary reforms,117—120,125,265
travels to Europe,121—124
overthrown by bandit Saqao,129—130
dies in exile in Italy,130
vanishes from collective Afghan memory,141
loyalists strike at Nadir,135
American Idol television program,339
Amin,Hafizullah
conflicts with Soviets,185—187
leads coup against Daoud (1978),177
reduces dependence on Soviets,189
second in command in Khalq regime,179
murdered by Soviets during invasion,191—192
Amin of Logar,60—61
Andropov,Yuri,213
Anglo-Afghan War,First (1839—1842),47—57,61
Anglo-Afghan War,Second(1878—1880),75—83
Anglo-Afghan War,Third (1919),112
Ansary,Aman (father of author)birth,youth,103,112—113,136
education abroad,marriage,140
on Kabul University faculty,administration,140,173—174
on HVA project,149,169
Ansary,Khwadja Abdullah,19,125
Arab Afghans,245—247
Arghandab Dam,150,169
Ariana,4,15
Ariana Airlines,152,157,303
Ariana TV,317
Article 24 of the constitution,164—165
Arts return to Afghanistan,340—342
Asef (author's uncle),222
Asia Foundation,186,283—284,293,333
Asian Women's Conference in Ceylon,155
Asma Restya,105
Asmatey,Zabiullah,303
Atash,Nadir,303
Ataturk,117,120
Auckland,Lord (George Eden),42—44,45,47
Ayatollah Khomeini,187—188
Ayub,82—83,90
Babar,Naseerullah,233—235
Bagram airbase/detention center,153,191,308,309,331
Bala Hissar palace,18,47,56,78
Bamiyan valley,49,256,285,349—350
Barakzais clan,11,15
Bhutto,Zulfiqar Ali,176,188
Biden,Joe,325—326,328
Bin Laden,Osama
allied to,funds,Taliban,247
as Arab Afghan,246
bombings of 1998,250—251
focused on by US policy makers,249
issues fatwa,247—248
videotape,261
significance of his death,329—330
Bismarck,Otto von,73
Black Hole of Calcutta,30—31
Black Swan movie,340
Blackwater private security,296
Bollywood movies,158,221
Bombings. See Suicide bombings;specific incidents
Bonaparte,Napoleon. See Napoleon
Bonn Conference (2001),267—275
Brezhnev,Leonid,190,213,217
Bridas oil company,241—242
Britain. See Great Britain
British Empire. See Great Britain
British invasions of Afghanistan.
See Anglo-Afghan wars
Brzezinski,Zbigniew,212
Buddha sculptures destroyed,256,285
Buddhism,4
Buddhist monastery at Mes Aynak,336
Bulgheroni,Carlos,241—242
Burnes,Alexander,38—53
Burqa,118,125,131. See also Chad'ri
Bush,George H. W.,225
Bush,George W.
disregards bin Laden,Taliban,257
increases troops,contractors,in Afghanistan,323—324
invades Iraq,230
sees Afghan intervention as purely military,292—293
Buzkashi games,3,166,345
Capitalism. See Entrepreneurships
Carter,Jimmy,211,212,250
Cavagnari,Louis Napoleon,77—80
Cell phones,258,287,336—337
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Amin's rumored association,186
increases secret US funding for
Mujahideen,215—216
Pakistan funding helps bin Laden,252—253
pays Ahmad Wali Karzai for
paramilitary,304
plans to kill bin Laden,247,250
Central Treaty Organization
(CENTO),148,153,161
Chad'ri,118,131,239. See also Burqa
Chad'ri initiative,155—157
Chamberlain,Neville,77—78
Charkhi family,135—136,164
Chernenko,Konstantin,213
China
awarded copper concession,with kickback,301,335—336
Communist insurgents take over (1949),147
produces cheap generators for villages,338
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
Cities
disconnected from old Afghanistan,170
flooded with homeless people,290 See also Kabul
Civil wars,32,66,82,224,284,340
Clinton,Bill
strikes retaliate for embassy bombings,251
struggles with bin Laden menace,249—250,257
Coghlan,Tom,315
Cold War
background,147—149
HVA used to promote US goals,149—153
US and Soviet vie to supportAfghanistan,158—159,165—167
bipolar competition ends,211—214,218
Cole,Sonia Nassery,340
Communism
and Amin's PDPA,188
ideology filters through military,universities,171,282
indoctrination offends villagers,195—196
not good fit for Muslims,245
Soviet empire ends,212—213,228—229
See also Marxism-Leninism;People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Constitution of Afghanistan
under Nadir (1931),138,140
rewritten by commoner cabinet (1963),163
of Bonn commission (2003),272—273
Copper,301,333,335—336
Corriega,Mr. (HVA engineer),149—153,169
Corruption
banned under Amanullah's code,117
of foreign development projects,295
as nepotism,143,304—305
small-scale becomes endemic,298
throughout government,301—305
Corruptocracy,304,305
Counterinsurgency approach,325,327
Counterterrorism approach,249,325—326,327
Coups,177,178
Culture of Afghanistan
and Alexander Burnes,51—53
change intended by foreign interventions,330—331
generosity,charity,revered,14,183,199
helping kin,305
as macho,199
and Musahibban,137—138
nature of leadership,13,94,203
resolving contradictions,343—347,350
revealed through museum artifacts,285—286
roles of women,25,168—169,265
Czechoslovakia,190,193
Dado,Amir,315
Dadullah,Mullah,314
Dalaks,23—24,349
Daoud,Sardar background,144—145
as anti-Pakistan Pushtoon nationalist,160—163
receives aid from both Soviet Union and US,149—154
moves women's emancipation forward,155—158
deposes king,declares himself president,175
killed by PDPA coup (1978),177—178
Daoud's Folly,160—162
Dari language as lingua franca,4,104,140,283,296
Darya-i-Noor diamond,115
Dehmazang prison,98
Demonstrations
both leftists and radical Islamists,173—177
signal collapse of Soviet empire,217
against Soviet invasion,193—195
topple Bhutto in Pakistan,188
Deobandism,121,123
Depopulation of Afghanistan by Soviets,198—200
Development
aid funds don't reach villages,170
flourishes alongside violence,336—337
generated from both sides in Cold War,201
industrial,141
as priority for Daoud,145
Disraeli,Benjamin,75
Dogs,26,290,321
Dost Mohammed Khan introduced,32—33,39—40
Afghan consolidation set back by Soviet invasion,206—207
battles for,seeks alliance over,Peshawar,40,43—44
outwaits GB in India (1839—1842),47—48
regains Herat,66
regains Kandahar,65
restored to throne with concessions,subsidy,59—61
government of second reign,62—66
death of,67
dynasty ends with coup against Daoud,177—178
Dostum,Rashid
cedes Kabul to Taliban (1996),237—238
with Northern Alliance,243,256
switches to join Massoud against Najibullah,219—223
Drone attacks,326,327
Drug addiction,301
Drug lords/drug mafias,278,300,315. See also Opium
Dubs,Adolph,kidnapping,186—187
Dupree,Louis,169
Durand,Henry,47
Durand,Mortimer,88
Durand Line
crossed to fight in WWI,106
Peshawar issue reopened,159—162
straddled by Pushtoons,265,268
used by Abdu-Rahman for isolation,89—90
Durrani Pushtoons
background,12
conflict,reconciled,with Ghilzais,15,53,268
and Dost Mohammed,32
Hamid Karzai,256,270
Durri-i-Durran. See Ahmad Shah
Dyer,Reginald,112
Eagle Four television program,339
East India Trading Company background,29—31
army in India,41—42
and explorer Burnes,38
Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union,217—218,228—229
Economy (domestic)
development flourishes along-side
violence,336—337
disparity with foreign reconstruction money,297
with opium as currency,321—322
Education
under Amanullah,119
girls attend classes unveiled,156—157
under Habibullah,102
in model towns of HVA,149—150
under the Musahibban family,138—141
new schools built,281—282
provided by mullahs,22—23,62
Taliban burns schools,kills children,317—318
See also Kabul University;Universities Egypt,122,205
Einuddin (author's grandfather),103
Eisenhower,Dwight D.,153—154
Elections
under Musahibban family,143
of Zahir Shah's velvet revolution,165
presidential (2004),274—275,315
parliamentary (2005),315
Electric services and power stations,102,153,166,280,338
Elphinstone,William,51,54
Enayatullah (son of Habibullah),106
Encyclopedia Britannica,139
England. See Great Britain
Engrayzee,29
Entertainment
abolished under Taliban,240
under Habibullah,Amanullah,101
Jeshyn festival,140—141,155,166—167
movies,158,283—285
Entrepreneurships
along hippie route,167—168
build National Sports Museum,340
energized in 2002,291
industrial development,141
laws enabling,70—71
need microlending,291
as neoconservative vision,301,305
of women,337
Esmatey-Wardak,Massouma,139,156,164
Ethnic cleansing,228,241
Ethnic groups
accommodations broken by Soviet invasion,205—206
under Ahmad Shah,15
of army,police,conflict with Pushtoon society,309
battle each other in Mujahideen civil war,224
forced to work together in HVA towns,170,181
formed into Northern Alliance,243
represented in new TV programs,339
Exiles
escape from Soviets,Taliban,269
return to establish enterprises,arts,280—281,283,287
as urban elite,266,267,290
Fahim,Qasim (General),270,302
Farangi,29—50,81,113
Farooq,Mullah,307,309—310,312
Farsi language,4,15,26,139
Fatwas
of bin Laden,248,252
of mufti,24
of Mullah Omar,256
Feminist Majority,255
Feminists
Afghan activists,157,272
in the United States,255—256
Films and documentaries (Afghan),273—274,283—285,339—340
Foreign interventions,1—5,346—348.
See also United States vention
Foreign Ministry of Afghanistan,112,144,281
Forward Policy,45,52,75
France,30,73
Fraser-Tytler,W. K.,52
Freedom of speech,143
French Revolution,35—36,165
Frontier Gandhi (Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan),160
GB. See Great Britain
Gender apartheid,255
Genocide. See Depopulation of
Afghanistan by Soviets;Ethnic
cleansing Germany,73—74,123,165
Ghazni city,47,235
Ghilzai,Mohammed Shah,61
Ghilzai Pushtoons
background,11—12
conflict,reconciled,with Durrani Pushtoons,15,268
crushed by Abdu'Rahman,88—90
lead anti-British insurgency,53—55
politician Taraki,172
radical Islamist Hekmatyar,175
subsidized by GB,cut,49,51
Ghobar,Mir Ghulam Mohammad,60,145,164
Gingrich,Newt,331
Global Security,296
Globalization,258
Goislard,Bettina,310
The Gold of Afghanistan,285—286
Gorbachev,Mikhail,214—217
Gould,Tamara,273
Government
builds HVA model towns,farms,142,149
centralized under Abdu'Rahman,93—99
constitution,parliament,created,138
independence declared in Rawalpin-ditreaty,114—115
Khalq regime in post-coup era,179—185
under kings,emperors,61—63
modernization programs,69—72,158,346
as nationalistic under Amanullah,111—116
undermined by foreign interventions,347
Grand Bazaar of Kabul,18,55,283
Grapes,162,280,289
Great Britain (GB)
Anglo-Afghan wars,47—57,75—83,112
confronts Russia in central Asia,43
as European and global power,29—31,35—36,73—74
forced to pull out of Afghanistan,53—56,83
life in Kabul after Dost reign,47—50
and overthrow of Amanullah,129
treaty with Dost Mohammed,59—60,65—66
treaty with Shah Shuja,38
treaty with Yaqub Khan,77
The Great Game,3,37,74,129,239
Great Indian Mutiny (1857),65
Greco-Buddhist art style,4,285
Green Village Schools,281,318
Guantanamo,303,308
Guerilla warfare
of Anglo-Afghan wars,48,81—82
commander/warlord/mullah terms,277
fall of Kabul (1992),220—224
tactics of Mujahideen against Soviets,196—199,208—209
uses surface-to-air missiles,215—216
See also Mujahideen
Gul Agha,130
Gulf War (first),230
Habibia School,102,140
Habibullah (son of Abdu'Rahman)
background,101—102
influenced by Hussein,Musahibban,Tarzi,103—106
assassinated,107—108
Habibullah Kalakani. See Saqao,Bachey
Hafizullah Amin. See Amin,Hafizullah Hakim,Abdul,312
Hanafi School of Law,96
Haqqani,Jalaluddin,313,319
Haseen,Abdul,302—303
Hashim Khan,142,144
Hashish,167—168
Hazarajat,65,98,103
Hazaras
autonomy crushed under Abdu'Rahman,98
battle for Kabul,222—223
post-Iron Amir,103
resist Soviets,supported by Iran,205
as Shi'a Mongolian ethnic group,15,65,98,205
suffer ethnic cleansing by Taliban,241,243—244
Hazrats of Shor Bazaar,117,120—121,123,129,130,152
Hekmatyar,Gulbuddin
bombs Kabul,219—223
fails to satisfy Pakistan,232—233
forced to join Massoud to resist Taliban,236
in Pakistan,177
as prime minister in Islamist interim government,221—222
as radical Islamist extremist,175,177,207—209
as Taliban network commander,313,319
Helmand Valley Authority (HVA)
described,142,149—151
troubles,143
as liability,169
Henry Ⅶ,king of England,32
Herat city
conquered by Taliban,235—236
as early power center,18—19,42
retaken by Dost Mohammed,66,69
Hezb-i-Islam (Party of Islam),208,209,233,235
Hindu Kush mountains,11,33,49,53,55,81,206
Hindus
carry yellow IDs,256
Marathas routed by Ahmad Shah,13,15
Hippies,167—168,175
Hungary,190,193,218
Hussein,Mohammed,103,108
HVA. See Helmand Valley Authority Idema,Jack,311
IDPs (internally displaced persons),223,236
Imams,23
India
Amritsar demonstrators massacred,112
controlled by GB,29—31
Great Mutiny,65
iron development,335
as nonaligned,left-leaning,nation,148,161
partitioned to create Muslim Pakistan,159—162
sacked by Ahmad Shah,13,31
Indian Embassy car bombing(2008),321
Indus River,15,33,38,60
Infrastructure projects funded by Soviets,152,154
funded by US,154
roads and streets,166—167,294—295
Insurgencies
against British (1841),187
against PDPA in rural areas,188
See also Talibanist insurgents Intellectuals
(liberal and modernist) emerge under Zahir Shah,164—165
as Marxist-Leninist dissidents,171—172
during Musahibban family reigns,143,145
publish publications,143,165
religious,248
Internet,258,287,316,349—350
Interrogation methods
of Mustauffi Hussein by Amanullah,108
at Bagram detention center,308
of Idema and Bennet,311
InterServices Intelligence (ISI)
disburses Western funds to
Mujahideen,204—205,215—216 sponsors,supports,Hekmatyar
for Pakistan take over,209,221—222,232—233
as Taliban loyalists,254
works with Mullah Omar,234
Iqbal,Bismillah,326—327
Iran
aids Northern Alliance blocking anti-Shi'a Taliban,243,256
backs Sultan Ahmad,66
gives aid to Shi'a Hazaras,205
included in feudal Afghan territory,31
Islamic Revolution,157,187—188
after Soviet collapse,228—229
refugees’ destination during Soviet depopulation,199,215,225
as victim of Afghan drug trade,301
Iraq,invasion of,230
Iron Amir. See Abdu'Rahman
ISI. See InterServices Intelligence
Islamism
Deobandi school,121
as political program,245
US chooses to view as military problem,249
See also Radical Islamism
Ismail Khan,235—236,256,267
Jalal,Masooda,272,274
Jalalabad,55,107—108,112,128,216
Jalali,Robina,340
Jamaluddin-i-Afghan,69—70,104
Jamiat-i-Islam (Islamic Society),208
Jeshyn-i-Istiqlal (Festival of Independence),140—141,166—167
Jihadism,248,252,279,330
Jirgas (village councils),21—22,62
Jones,Paula,251
A Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan (Sale),328
Joya,Malalai,273
Kabul
bombed,burned,looted,by British,55 -56,112—113
as center for dealings with outside world,133
of Dost Mohammed,32,39—40
as early power center,17—18
established as single capital,86
under siege by Mujahideen factions,222—223
taken by GB (1839),47—48
conquered by Taliban,236,237,247
with booming economy,337,344
weakened by interventions,347
Kabul Bank,302—303,305
Kabul Museum,285—286,336
Kabul Nindari national theater,283
Kabul University
academic respectability restored,282,316
with both leftist and radical Islamist activists,171—174
early history,140
with US partner universities,152
Kabul-Kandahar road project,295—297
Kafiristan,98—99
Kajakai dam and town,150—151,169
Kalantars of Abdu'Rahman,94—97
KAM airline,303
Kandahar
bombed by US forces,329
conquered by Taliban,235
as early power center,17—18
overthrown by GB,47,83
prisoners escape,329
reduced to rubble by Mujahideen,224
as seat of Taliban power,262—263,265
Kandahar/Helmand region,65
Karmal,Babrak
background,172—173
installed as president by invading Soviets,192
replaced by Soviets with Najibullah,216
sent to Eastern Europe by PDPA,179
Karzai,Ahmad Wali,304
Karzai,Hamid
creates untrained army and police forces,308—309
implicated in corruption,303—304
as interim chairman,president,269—270
with neoconservative US allies,242
in Northern Alliance,256
Karzai,Hamid (continued)
receives payments from Iran,304
in contradictory position,346
Karzai,Mahmoud,302
Kaye,John,56
Kayeum,Abdul,149,174
KhAD,184,193,216
Khalillulah (son of Mohammed Hussein),104,108
Khalilzad,Zalmay,215,242,270,272
Khalq political party/regime,175,177—180,182
Kharoti,Mohammed Khan,281,318
Khomeini,Ayatollah,157,187
Khost co-ed school,282,318
Khost terrorist training camps,247,251,282
Khrushchev,Nikita,152
Khyber,Mir Akbar,177
Kim (Kipling),37
Kipling,Rudyard,3,37
Klare,Michael,229—230
Koh-i-Noor diamond,10,38,39
Kotwals of Abdu'Rahman,94—97
Lakanwal,Ghafar,282,318
Land ownership decrees,181—182,196
Landmines
appear to be children's toys,200,299
cause farms to be uncultivatable,290
planted by Soviet Union,198
Roots for Peace NGO,293
Languages. See Dari;Farsi;Persian;
Pushto languages
Lashkargah town,142,149,151,156—157,281
Lawrence,T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia),129
Laws
Amanullah's Nizamnama legal code,117—125
local conflicts settled by jirgas,62
Shari'a,117,273—274
as Talibanist mobile courts,320—321
traditional vs. king's law,28
Leno,Mavis,255
Lewinsky,Monica,251
Lion of Panjsher. See Massoud,Ahmad Shah
Logar,235
Louis Berger Group,296
Louis-Napoleon Ⅲ,73
Loya jirga (grand assembly)
ratifies Nadir,132
selects Ahmad Shah as king,10—11,93
for transitional government (Bonn Project),268,272,275
Lytton,Lord (Edward Bulwer),76—77
Macnaghten,William Hay,43—44,48—51,53—54,79
Madrassas
in Afghanistan,102
and Mullah Omar,233
in Pakistan,controlled by radical
Islamists,226—227
Mafias (trucking,drug,smuggling,gunrunning),253,278,315
Mahmoud (Ghaznavid sultan),15
Maiwand battle,82—83,139,194,206
Maiwandwal Hashim,174
Malalai,82—83,138—139,194
Maliks as headmen,21—22
Marjah town,150,327—329
Marriage
bride prices,118,157,180
to foreigners,139,140
for love,168
underage,118,137—138,180
Marshall Plan for Afghanistan,279—281,287
Marxism-Leninism,171—172,175,184,245
Mashad,Iran,33
Massoud,Ahmad Shah
battles Hazara Mujahideen,222—223
brings down Najibullah,219—221
forms multiethnic Northern
Alliance,243,256
leaves Kabul to Taliban (1996),238
as politicized Muslim,military genius,175,177,207
warns Europe of al Qaeda dangers,259
assassinated,259—260
Massoudi,Omara,285,286
Mawlawis,24
Mazar (author's cousin),182
Mazar-i-Sharif
as early religious and power center,18,19
economic development of,336
Shi'a Hazaras massacred,243—244
woman charged with adultery stoned,256
McChrystal,Stanley,325—328
Mes Aynak,333,335—336
Microlending,291
Military
Abdu'Rahman's troops,armaments,92—93
Amanullah attempts to strengthen,119—120
disunity tied to anti-Soviet resistance strength,206
Sher Ali's national army,72
Military aid
provided by Soviets,153
received by Amanullah,111,124
US war-related vs. reconstruction dollars,293—294
Mineral wealth,333—336
Mir Sultan,97—98
Mirabs (water arbitrators),24,169
Mirzas of Abdu'Rahman,92,97
Missiles,212,213,215—216,251
Moghul Empire,15,29—31,252
Mohammedzais clan,32,48,63,82
Mongol conquest of Afghanistan,4,65,236
Morality police,93—94
Morrison Knudson Afghanistan (MKA),141—142
Muftis,24,96,320
Mujaddedi,Amanullah,340—341
Mujahideen resistance against Soviets
warriors annihilated when Soviets invade,193
aid flows from West through
Pakistan ISI,204,214
attack Soviets from tactical advantages,195—197
receive Stingers from CIA,215—216
Mujahideen (after Soviet withdrawal) take Kabul from Najibullah,219—221
factions reduce Kabul to rubble,224
forfeit credibility,233
as Peshawar group at Bonn Conference,267
replaced by Taliban,235—236
Mullahs
controlled by Abdu'Rahman,95—96
described,22—23
provide education,local rulings,62
Musahibban family
introduced,103—104
implements dam projects,142
replaces Amanullah,murders Saqao,131—132
some reforms of Amanullah reinstated,138—141
women appear in public unveiled,155—157
rules Afghanistan for 44 years,135—145,155—178
See also Daoud,Sardar;Nadir Shah;
Zahir Shah
Music (Afghan),155,166,240,282—283,337,350
Muslim Brotherhood,174
Muzafaruddin (author's uncle),128
Nadi Ali town,150,281,318
Nadir Afshar,9
Nadir Khan. See Nadir Shah
Nadir Shah
introduced,103—104
allies with GB,118,124
Nadir Shah (continued)
and assassination of Habibullah,107—108
commander in Third AngloAfghan War,112—113
replaces Amanullah/Saqao,131—132
resumes Dost Mohammed's project,135—136,201
assassinated,139—140
Na'eem,Sardar,144—145
Naheed,194
Najibullah (Najib)
installed as ruler by Soviets,216—217
takes political asylum in UN building,221
tortured,murdered,by Taliban,238—239
Najmuddin (author's uncle),139,164
Napoleon,35—36
Napoleonic Wars,36,51
Narcotics industry,300—301
Nasrullah,105—108
National Museum,340
National Sports Museum in Kabul,340
NATO
formation,147—148
air strikes kill civilians,307—308,310—311,328
attacks Talibanist network
leaders/smugglers,314,319
night raids,326
Nedai,272
Nehru,Jawaharlal,148
Neoconservatives
lead to massive corruption,305
as the power of private capital/military,293,301
prefer private contractors for aid delivery,296
promote US social values,freemarket
capitalism,257—258
support Taliban as stabilizingforce,242
Nepotism,143,173,304—305
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations) in Andar,325—326
attacked by insurgents,311—312
foreign support bypasses Afghan government,292—293
outside money undermines economy,297—298
push for schools,316
Nicaragua,212,214
9/11. See September 11,2001
Niyazov,Saparmurat Atayevich,241—242
Nizamnama by Amanullah,19,117—125
Nomads
introduced,26—28
forced to settle,farm,in model towns,150,170,181,281
produce ancient precious artifacts,286
roam freely under Musahibban family,137
Nonalignment
Amin's vision,186
generates resources from Cold War,201
as Musahibban family policy,162
Nehru's third bloc notion,148
as strong Afghan position (1963),165
Nongovernmental organizations.
See NGOs
Noorzai,Kobra,139,156,164
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO). See NATO
Northbrook,Lord (Francis Baring),74—75
Northern Alliance
created by Massoud,243,256
in interim government posts,270
loses ground to Taliban,259
not fully accepted by US,256—257
post-9/11,takes over government,261—262
represented at Bonn Conference,267
Nott,General,54,55—56
Nowrouz,Akbar,207
Nuclear weapons and Mutually Assured
Destruction,147,211,213—214
Nuristan,99,188
Obama,Barack
Af-Pak policies,323—330
drone use increases,327
replaces McChrystal with
Petraeus,328
suspected Taliban arrests
increase,326
US/NATO crimes and blunders,331
Oil and natural gas development built by Soviets,153
joint venture with China,335
and neutral view of Taliban atrocities,241
workers’ security,242
Oil pipeline proposal from
Turkmenistan to Pakistan
Bridas and Unocal compete,241—242
politics of,231—233,234
Old Afghanistan
defeats the City through Taliban,265
increasingly disconnected from urban life,133—134,170
pressured by modern Kabul,201—202
shifts to cleric leadership due to war,206
Olympic Games,340
Omar,Mullah
acclaimed Mohammed's deputy on earth,237
flees Kandahar,262
issues oppressive restrictions,239,255—256
organizes early Taliban,233—236
as spiritual commander of Taliban,313—314
supported by bin Laden,247
Opium
as currency,321—322,338
hierarchical structure of market,300
as viable crop for devastated farms,299
Osmani,Mullah Akhtar,314
Ottoman Empire,32,74,104,106,129
Pakistan
destination for Afghan
Islamists,177,188
drones attack,are deployed,327
links CENTO,SEATO,to contain
Communism,148,153
and oil pipeline politics,231—233
opposes autonomous Afghan government,277
receives,distributes,aid from West,204,214
refugee camps,199,209,225—226
supports bin Laden,Talibanist networks,227,234—236,239,249—250,319
loses control of Taliban,253—254
post-9/11,cuts support of Taliban,261—262
Pamir Airlines,303
Panjsher Valley,207,208,238,243,343
Parcham political party
created by Marxist-Leninist urban elite,175—176
installed by invading Soviets,192
overpowered by Khalq,179—180
shoots anti-Soviet demonstrators,194
Paris Peace Conference (1919),107
Parliament
created from advisory jirga of Sher Ali,71
under Musahibban family,143,144—145
National Council created by Nadir,138
Parliament (continued)
PDPA students disrupt proceedings (1965),173
reformed (1963),165
designed by Bonn project,273—275
Pasha,Shireen,340
Pastoral nomads. See Nomads
PDPA. See People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Peace Corps volunteers,167,168
People's Democratic Party of
Afghanistan (PDPA)
conducts 1978 coup,177—180
created by Marxist-Leninists,172—173,175
farm land redistribution proves disastrous,181—182
renamed Fatherland Party,216
requests Soviet weapons to fight insurgents,188
Pepsi,336
Persian Empire,4,9—10
Persian language,4,11,49,98
Persian poetry,166,259
Peshawar
held by Ranjit Singh,41—42
issue reopens upon creation of Pakistan,159
Mujahideen assemble against
Soviets,203—204
as negotiating point for Dost-GB,64—66
as Pushtoon power center,18,33,39
Petraeus,David,328—329
Plassey battle,India,30
Police. See Afghan National Police Pollock,General,54,56
Polygamy versus monogamy,118,124—125,130,157
Popal,Mustafa,273
The Position and Role of Afghan Women in Afghan Society (Esmatey- Wardak),139
Postal system,70,258,287,298
Private enterprises
foreign contractors,subcontractors,295,308,324,327
sabotaged by Talibanists,312
started by returning exiles,287
See also Entrepreneurships
Propaganda war of Talibanists,317—318
Publications
freedom of press (2005—2006),316
of liberal intellectuals,143
Purdah
liberalized under Amanullah,118
oppressive restrictions by Taliban,239
prohibitions restored under Saqao,129
Pushto language,11,139,140,237,296
Pushtoon people
advocate for Peshawar,
Pushtoonistan,159—162
culture and history,11—15,18
select Ahmad Shah as king,10
of Taliban's origins,241,267—268
Pushtoonistan,160—162
Pushtoonwali code,14,113,252
Qadir,Hajji,256
Qazis (village judges),24,96
Quetta Shura directs Talibanists,313—315,317—318,319
Qur'an burned by US troops,331
Qurbanni,Burhan,340
Rabbani,Burhanuddin
agrees to not bid for government office,271
claims to instigate Herat uprising,187
forms Jamiat-i-Islam,208
as president in Islamist interim government,221—222
as president of Northern Alliance,243
as radical Islamist activist,174,177
killed by Talibanist insurgents,331
Radical Islamism
emerges,coalescing around leaders,203—204
inhospitable for Communists in region,187
represented by Hekmatyar,177
rises in Pakistan,188
university students,174
See also Talibanist insurgents Radio
Kabul,141,155,157—158,160,179,282—283,350
Radio Shari'a,255,350
Rahmani,Idrees Ahmad,337—339
Railroads,336
Ramparts magazine,186
Ranjit Singh,33,38—42,47,50,60,65
Rare earth minerals,333—334
Reagan,Ronald,213—214,215
Reconstruction of Afghanistan
funds,projects,required,280,291
road projects,294—297
US spending,293—294
corruption rises,305
as failed effort,307
Refugee camps during Soviet depopulation,199,209,225—227
Refugees
boys recruited from madrassas for Taliban,236—237,238
flee Kabul as IDPs,223,236
population swells to 6 million,215
return to destroyed countryside,landmines,289—290
vote in presidential election(2004),274
Relief workers killed,309—310,318
Religious freedom,117—118
Republican Party of the United States,242
Resource wars,229—230
Reuter,Christoph,307
Reza Shah Pahlevi (Shah of Iran),145,176,187—188,189,212
Rice,Condoleezza,257
Ritchie,James,297
Roads and highways,102,140,166—167,294—297
Roberts,Frederick,80,82,83,88
Rolling Stone magazine,328
Rumsfeld,Donald,257
Rural life. See Village republics of Afghanistan
Russia
aids Northern Alliance to block fundamentalism,243
conflicts with GB to dominate central Asia,36—37
czar seeks India through Afghan territory,41—45
discusses trade deals with Amanullah,124
threatens Afghan borders,74—77
Sabet,Abdul Jaber,303—304
Saddam Hussein,230
Sadozais clan,11,15
Salang Tunnel,154,167
Sale,Florentia,Lady,328
Saqao,Bachey (Water Carrier's Son),127—132
Saudi Arabia
aids anti-Soviet resistance,205
funds madrassas to promote
Wahhabi,226—227
matches US funding for Mujahideen,215
royals reject bin Laden,246
Saddam Hussein threatens invasion,230
Saudi Arabia US compound bombing,246
Sayyaf,Abdul Rasool,174,222,260
SEATO. See Southeast Asian Treaty
Organization
The Secrets of This House television program,339
Security and intelligence services
provided by villages,tribes,62
secret police force in Khalq regime,184
spy network of Abdu'Rahman,91—94,97
spy network of Musahibban family,137
See also InterServices Intelligence
Sehum-i-Aqrab (the third of Aqrab),173
September 11,2001,259,260,292
Seraj-ul-Akhbar newspaper,105
Serena Hotel in Kabul,315—316,321
Setara,339
Shah Mahmoud,142—143,164
Shah of Iran. See Reza Shah Pahlevi
Shah Shuja
British install as Afghan monarch,38—48
switches to oppose British,54
assassinated,55
Shah Zeman,38,56
Shahada film,340
Shams,Dr.,219,272
Shansab,Horace,284—285
Shari'a
clerics fail to find veiling practices,156
enforcement as Taliban mission,235
fatwas,248
as God-given law,117,320
Hanafi version,96,135
for jurisprudence beyond village level,62
Sharif,Nawaz,251,252
Sher Agha Mujaddedi,120,121,130
Sher Ali
as Dost Mohammed's successor,69
fails to handle Russian threat,GB invasion,75—77
modernization program,69—72,104
Shi'a Islam
Hazaras,205,241,244
Iranian,229,243
Mazar-i-Sharif shrine,19
Shuja Shah. See Shah Shuja
Sikhs and Sikh religion,33,39,41,47,60,65
Simla Manifesto,45
Slave boys,92
Slavery,98,117
Slowly,Slowly,Mud and Lotus
documentary,340
Smuggling
of gold,gems,raw currency,204,300,303
tied to Taliban,300—301,314,338
by tribal chiefs,183
Smuggling mafias,253,278
Soap factory,123,124
Soraya,105,116,121—125,130
Southeast Asian Treaty
Organization (SEATO),148,153,161
Soviet Union
bombs Herat,187
Cold War competition with US,151—153,165—166
Daoud's Folly,162
Dubs kidnapping,186—187
invades Afghanistan (1979),190—200
KGB,184,213
Khalq regime,184
depopulates rural Afghanistan,198—200,215
collapses,withdraws from
Afghanistan (1989—1990),211—218
Soviet Union occupation compared to US involvement,1—2
Stalin,Joseph,90,147,151—152
Stinger missiles,216,219
Strikes of students and workers,173,176,177
Stryker Brigade kill team,331
Student activism,173—176
Subghatullah,Mujaddedi early activism,152,187
role in Islamist interim government,221,341
Sudan,246—247
Sufi poetry,19,40,125
Suicide bombings,246,250—251,277,321,330,341
Sultan Ahmad,61,66
Sultana,Fatima,115
Sultans of Delhi,12
Sunni Islam,229,231
Tajik ethnic group
Bachey Saqao,127,131
culture,14
Hammad Anwar,139
Islamist Massoud,175,207,209
Tajikstan,190,228
Taliban
conquers Kandahar,Ghazni,Herat,Kabul,235—238
criminalizes women,nonIslamic behavior,239—240,255—256
establishes opium as currency,controls
production,299—300,321—322
inadvertently brings technology to villages,338—339
kills potential voters in presidential election,274
massacres Shi'a Hazaras,243—244
Mullah Omar as original organizer,233—234
recognized as Afghan government(1997),243—244
supported by Pakistan,241
trusted,supported,by US,242,249
Talibanist insurgents
attack,terrorize,individuals,309—312
burn schools,kill children,teachers,317—318
coalesce into networks,312—314,319
operations directed by Quetta Shura,313—315,317—318,319
with power to make Afghanistan ungovernable,322
seem to strengthen after bin Laden's death,330—331
Taraki,Nur Mohammed
as Khalq regime president,179,184—185
leftist activist,172
dies after attempting to kill Amin,188—189
Tarnak Farms,247
Tarzi,Habib,141—142
Tarzi,Mahmoud
as Amanullah's mentor,111—112,119—120
driven from Afghanistan by Saqao,129—130
Tarzi,Zemaryalai,285
Taxation
under Abdu'Rahman,94—95,97
abolished by Saqao,131
improving private enterprise,70—71
under kings,governors,22,62
by Taliban,314
Technocracy class,71,158—159,164
Telephone and telegraph services,128,153,287,344
Television (Afghan),240,280,285,287,316,338—339
Terrorism
al Qaeda proposes airplanes as suicide bombs,259
bin Laden's early methods,246
bombings of 1998,250—251
events of 9/11,260
killers dressed in Afghan uniforms,330—331
training camps,247,251,282
US jurisdiction in question,249
See also Suicide bombings
3-G telecom services,336
Titanic movie/video,283
Tokyo Conference (2002),279—280
TOLO (Sunrise) TV station,317,339
Tora Bora cave complex,247,270
Translators for reconstruction work,296
Treaty of Gundamak (1879),77
Treaty of Rawalpindi (1921),113—115
Tribal rebellions,120—121,128—130,137
Truman,Harry S.,141,147,279
Turkey,4,228—229
Turkmenistan,228,231,234,241—242,347
Ulya Janab,103—104
United Arab Emirates (UAE),230,244,250
United Nations
and Afghan refugees,226
Afghanistan becomes member,141
approves US invasion of Iraq,230
asylum for Najibullah violated by Taliban,221,238—239
economic sanctions on Taliban,256
Soviet-Afghanistan peace talks,217
United States Embassy bombing in Kenya,250—251
United States Embassy bombing in Tanzania,250—251
United States Embassy in Kabul,186—187
United States Embassy in Tehran hostage crisis,212
United States intervention
effects of Abu Ghraib,309
kills civilians by mistake,307—308,310—311
new Talibanist insurgencies take shape,312,314—315
regarded as purely military by Bush,292
violence in Afghanistan increases,308
weakens Afghan central authority,346—347
United States Marines desecration of corpses,331
United States Special Forces,270,308,311,325—326
United States State Department,249
Universities
demonstrations,173—174,194—195
overseas programs,125,139—140,158,171
women allowed to attend,157,168
Unocal oil company,241—242,244,256,270
Urban elite,99,105,133,202,266,267
Veiling practices,126,156—157,283—284
Verne,Jules,novels,104
Village republics of Afghanistan
Abdu'Rahman tries to consolidate,87,99
culture,social structure,20—28
destroyed by Soviet depopulation,bombing,198—206,215
impacted by HVA dams,irrigation,169—170
Mujahideen replace secular elders with clerics,206
vs. new Afghanistan,134,269
as old Afghanistan,133,176
Vitkevich,Ivan Victorovich,43—44
Wag the Dog movie,252
Wahhabi sect of Saudi Arabia,226—227,247,260
Wardak,235
Water Carrier's Son. See Saqao,Bachey
Water management of rural
Afghanistan,24,169—170,181—182,280
Weddings as economic stimuli,337
Whitewater investigation,250—251
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 339
Wilson,Charlie,215—216
Women
accepted into police,army,ranks,339
attend university,enter professions,157,168,281—282
girls schools,138—139,156—157
in nomadic culture,26—27
and offensive behavior by British men,51—53
oppressed by Taliban,239—240,255—256
PDPA improves status,180
progress under Daoud's reforms,155—158
roles in rural areas,25
stalked,acid thrown in faces,175
World War I,106
World WarⅡ,142,147
Wrongful death compensation,310—311
Yaqub Khan,75—79,80—81
Young Turks,104,145
Younus,Borhan,307
Zabuli,Abdul Majid,141
Zaheda (author's cousin),222—223,274
Zahir,Ahmad,166,283
Zahir Shah
and Bonn project,267,271—273
as figurehead king for Musahi-bban family,136—137,141,144—145
disempowers himself with new constitution,162—165
deposed by Daoud,exiled to Italy,176
Ziaie,Shafiqa,164
Zoleikha's Secret film,284—285
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