History has thrown a thunderous combination. Blacks are voting in South Africa today; Richard Nixon awaits burial tonight. In the office of the president of ABC News, nine muted televisions, recessed in a mahogany wall, monitor global events. Nine TVs, arrayed in a grid, frame the faces of Clinton, de Klerk, Mandela. They look like the Hollywood Squares of high office.
"It is so striking," says Roone Arledge, the owner of this louvered window on the world. "You look at Nelson Mandela and you look at Muhammad Ali. I can't help but see one in the other. The indomitability of spirit that both men have. You know, with the exception of the pope, Mandela may be the most famous man in the world today. Ali was that for many years."
Nixon's face pops onto a screen, like fruit in a video slot machine. True story: When Arledge was the president of ABC Sports in 1971, he hired the anvil-headed Frank Gifford away from CBS. Gifford's first assignment at ABC was to announce the Hall of Fame exhibition football game in Canton, Ohio. But when Nixon decided to drop in on the game, suddenly—horrifically—Gifford's first assignment was to interview the president.
Minutes before the broadcast Nixon told Arledge what a fan he was of the New York Giants in those days when Gifford embodied that team. In fact, when Nixon practiced law in New York, he often attended postgame parties at Giff's place. And then the president of the United States said a most curious thing to the president of ABC Sports. RN told RA: "I'm sure Frank would remember me."
Sometime in the second half of this century, sports became an axis on which the world turns. The most famous man on earth was a heavyweight fighter; the leader of the free world boasted fretfully of his friendship with Frank Freaking Gifford. Earlier this day, in his ABC office, Arledge had mentioned the name Michael Jordan, an American export as ubiquitous and profitable as Coca-Cola, and was asked how in heaven's name this had all come to be. How and when, exactly, did the globe become an NBA-licensed, Charles Barkley–signature basketball spinning madly on God's index finger?
Resplendent in a navy-blue suit, Arledge considered the question as an aide brought coffee, which was placed on a coffee table, next to a stack of coffee-table books: one on the Dalai Lama, one on Abraham Lincoln, one on Muhammad Ali.
"There have been comparable times in history when sports have been at the center of a culture and seemed to dominate the landscape," Arledge began. "Whether in Greek society or in what used to be called the golden age of sports. But everything … " Pause. Sip.
"… everything is magnified by television."
Roone Arledge returned to his coffee. And nine muted televisions fairly lit the room.
American scientists solved the conundrum in 1954. How might mankind minister to its own sustenance—without missing a minute of Mr. Peepers? An Omaha company developed technology by which a meal of turkey, corn-bread dressing, peas, and sweet potatoes could be frozen, boxed, sold, thawed, cooked, and safely eaten without an ounce of effort by the consumer. Swanson and Sons called this 98¢ mealsicle the "TV Dinner," to be eaten on a "TV tray," in front of, of course, the "TV." Godless Soviet scientists, meanwhile, frittered away their time developing the earth-orbiting satellite.
Nineteen fifty-four was a dizzying breakout year for television. Steve Allen starred in the network debut of The Tonight Show on NBC. Johnny Carson starred in the network debut of Earn Your Vacation on CBS. The U.S. Army and Joe McCarthy starred in the Army-McCarthy hearings on all four networks—NBC, CBS, ABC, and Dumont—as Senator Joe rooted out Reds through the riveting summer of 1954.
In that same summer Roone Pinckney Arledge Jr. was a twenty-three-year-old corporal waiting at Aberdeen (Maryland) Proving Grounds for his imminent discharge from the army, at which time he could begin to transform television, and television could transform sport into something truly stupendous. Upon graduation from Columbia University in 1952, Arledge worked briefly at Dumont, and ever since, though his duties in that job had been menial, TV had coursed through his veins.
In 1954 a New York attorney named Howard Cosell left the practice of law (and his $30,000 salary) to embark on a career in sports broadcasting (for $250 a week), despite the fact that he had turned thirty-six years old that March, his receding hairline in need of reseeding.
In 1954 a twelve-year-old child in Louisville had his red Schwinn bicycle stolen. "I'd walk out of my house at two in the morning, and look up at the sky for an angel or a revelation or God telling me what to do," the boy turned man would later tell biographer Thomas Hauser. Cassius Clay learned boxing to avenge the theft of his bike.
Soon all of these celestial events would be confluent, meeting before the world on television, which stood poised to dwarf every other communication medium by 1954. That year Jack Warner forbade the appearance of a television set in the home scenes of any Warner Bros. movie, the film industry futilely attempting to wish TV away. It was too late.
"By 1954," wrote David Halberstam in The Powers that Be,
there were 32 million television sets throughout the country, CBS television's gross billings doubled in that single year, and CBS became the single biggest advertising medium in the world. The real money, money and revenues beyond anyone's wildest dreams, was in television and above all in entertainment. The possibilities of nationwide advertising were beyond comprehension; afternoon newspapers quickly began to atrophy; mass-circulation magazines, which up until the early fifties had been the conduit of national mass advertising—razor blades, beer, tires, cars, household goods—were suddenly in serious trouble; within little more than a decade they would be dead or dying—Collier's, The Saturday Evening Post, Look, Life. Television was about to alter the nature and balance of American merchandising and journalism.
Amid all the withering print, 1954 also saw the birth of a mass-circulation magazine. The launch of Sports Illustrated on August 16 was especially propitious, for television, beginning almost that very year, was going to infuse sports with fabulous wealth, beam iconic images of athletes through space and around a wired world, push the Major Leagues to realize their manifest destiny in the American West, elevate interest in games to unprecedented heights, and attract the professional interest of some vastly talented men and women, not to mention Rudy Martzke.
As Corporal Arledge riffled through those first issues of SI, the magazine seemed to encompass all that interested him about sports. "It incorporated art and journalism in a way that was totally compelling," he says now, and he wondered then why TV couldn't do the same. He and friends lived a Sunday-to-Sunday existence as followers of the National Football League. Looking at photographs of these warriors, their hands gauze-wrapped like burn patients', steam clouds bursting from their mouths, he wondered why you never saw that on a telecast?
A magazine could offer a tight, clear photograph of Y. A. Tittle at the instant he stepped out of bounds. Why couldn't television? A scribe could write what he saw happening on the field, no matter how unflattering. So why couldn't a television announcer … tell it like it is?
Despite the wild success of its all-octogenarian talk show, Life Begins at 80, the Dumont network went telly-up in 1955. When the newly discharged Arledge found a job that year, it was as a stage manager at NBC, where he would soon become a producer for a Saturday-morning children's show. The program, hosted by Shari Lewis, was prophetically titled Hi Mom, a phrase that would resonate in NFL end zones some ten years later when Arledge took the NFL to prime time.
Hi Mom brought Arledge his first Emmy, in 1959, and within two years he was producing sports at ABC, where everything he touched turned to gold statuettes. There was really little hope of competing with him when you think back on it; after all, the man had won an Emmy producing a puppet show. What would he do with the Olympic Games?
Before he made the Olympics Olympian, fathered Wide World of Sports, The American Sportsman, Monday Night Football, The Superstars, Nightline, 20/20, This Week with David Brinkley, Prime Time Live, and Howard Cosell; before he pioneered and/or perfected the use of instant replay and handheld cameras and isolation cameras and sophisticated graphics and underwater video and split screens and field microphones; before he miked a dead zebra so that Sportsman viewers could better hear it being devoured by lions; before this ruddy-faced man named Roone fashioned a grand, safari-going, desk-dodging, expense-vouchered, limo-driven life for himself, he wrote a famous memo to his superiors at ABC telling them he was going to do all of that. The year was 1961.
Nineteen sixty-one happened also to be the year that FCC chairman Newton Minow famously called television "a vast wasteland." Television's presentation of sports, specifically, was something worse altogether.
"The prevailing attitude was summed up by baseball commissioner Ford Frick," wrote Marc Gunther and Bill Carter in their book Monday Night Mayhem. "'The view a fan gets at home,' Frick once said, 'should not be any better than that of the fan in the worst seat of the ball park.'"
Turnstile-obsessed baseball owners agreed, and the networks fulfilled their wishes with primitive coverage. It would be uncharitable to say what your typical baseball owner was at the time, but it rhymed with Frick. If you wanted to see a ball game, went their shortsighted thinking, you would simply have to buy a ticket to the ballpark.
None of this mattered to ABC, which had no pro football and only a piece of baseball when Arledge arrived. But the development of videotape and the DC-8—cassettes and jets—allowed him to go "spanning the globe to bring you the constant variety of sport," which was really a fancy, Roone-ified name for auto racing.
To be fair, Wide World of Sports also brought heavy coverage of figure skating and gymnastics, sports that would stir a quadrennial appetite for ABC's coverage of the Olympics and vault a few female athletes into the ether of superstardom: Olga Korbut and Peggy Fleming, Nadia Comaneci and Dorothy Hamill, Mary Lou Retton and Katarina Witt, Tonya and Nancy. Nevertheless, it was a measure of television's meager interest in the Games that ABC paid $50,000 for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley and then skittishly reneged on the deal. But the space race was on, the cold war was at its hair-trigger, missiles-in-Cuba, shoe-pounding peak, and, says Arledge, "it became apparent with the Olympics in those days that if you had an American against a Russian, it didn't matter what they were doing, they could have been kayaking and people would watch it."
Soviet cosmonaut Yury Gagarin had been shot into space, and U.S. pilot Francis Gary Powers and his U-2 spy plane had been shot out of it. So eager were Americans to see vanquished Russkies of any athletic stripe that even twenty years later, when the host nation would finally beat the Soviets in ice hockey at Lake Placid, the United States would go bananas over a sport about which it knew precious little. The victory would be consecrated by many as the greatest sporting achievement of the second half of this century, and the moment of triumph would be punctuated by announcer Al Michaels's asking in all sincerity, "Do you believe in miracles?" The game was brought to Americans by Roone Arledge and the American Broadcasting Company, which had been serving the cold war hot for two decades.
In the mid-1960s the Olympics and a new college football package were ABC's only familiar showcases, which meant that Wide World lavished extraordinary attention on exotica, Arledge flying around all creation to buy the rights to anything that wasn't already owned: the 24 Hours of Le Mans, golf's British Open, the Japanese All-Star baseball game. While in Tokyo to negotiate the rights to that extravaganza, the peripatetic Arledge took in a Japanese film. The action often occurred at half speed, in the grand tradition of the bad martial-arts movie. Not for the first time Arledge wondered: Why couldn't this be done on television?
His return to New York included a layover in Los Angeles. In a bar called Julie's, Arledge asked ABC engineer Bob Trachinger how TV could become master over time itself. Trach sketched it all out on a sodden cocktail napkin—how an image could be taken off an Orthicon tube and replayed at half speed and …
ABC first used slow-motion instant replay on Thanksgiving Day of 1961. The most scintillating play in the game between Texas and Texas A&M was … a field goal. The network replayed the chip shot as if it were historic, just as they would replay the scene two Novembers later when Ruby shot Oswald. But on this November day, as Arledge recalls, "the earth did not shake."
The temblor came one weekend later. Syracuse was at Boston College, whose quarterback, Jack Concannon, scampered seventy yards for a first-half touchdown, a black-and-white streak across the television set. But when ABC replayed it, defenders could be seen clearly missing tackles, key blocks were suddenly thrown into sharp relief, and announcer Paul Christman was able to narrate every nuance of the run. The screen flickered like hell, but Concannon was balletic at half speed, and any Ban-Lon-wearing, Ballantine-swigging, Barcalounging viewer at home could see the whole field opening up before him. Look closely, and you could see much, much more. "You could see," says Arledge, "a whole new era opening up."
The National Football League was not always a vaguely sinister and monolithic American institution, something like General Motors, the single biggest advertiser on the league's Sunday-afternoon telecasts. But then came December 28, 1958, when CBS broadcast the enervating NFL championship game between the Baltimore Colts and the New York Giants, starring friend-to-Nixon Frank Gifford. From that day on NFL games would be presented as if they were somber pursuits of grave national importance.
"CBS was the paragon of professional football broadcasting," notes Arledge. "Ray Scott was its voice, and it treated every game as if it were played in a cathedral. The CBS style was very sedate, always has been: Pat Summerall followed in that tradition. But Ray Scott—Ray Scott was a voice from behind the altar."
ABC, meanwhile, began televising something called the American Football League. What was it about using the word American in its name that always seemed to render a corporation second-rate? The American Football League and the American Broadcasting Company were to the early 1960s what the American Basketball Association and the American Motors Corporation were to the 1970s, the latter two producing some ugly Pacers and seemingly little more.
Eventually, however, the underdog ABC and AFL would elevate each other. Because AFL players were largely unknown, Arledge ordered up omnipresent graphics. When Don Maynard of the New York Jets caught a pass, his name would immediately materialize on the screen. Three plays later, when he caught another pass, his name would appear again, with an interesting factoid to let you know that this was the same guy who had caught the last one and perhaps you should keep an eye on him.
"Before ESPN and CNN and talk radio, we only had the time of the game to tell all of these stories," explains Arledge as if talking about the Bronze Age. (In fact, at a production meeting on the day of Nixon's funeral in April, Arledge demanded that his staff acquire a list of everyone who would be in attendance at the ceremony in Yorba Linda. "If Alexander Haig shows up," he said, "I want to put on the screen ALEXANDER HAIG, NIXON'S CHIEF OF STAFF.") The technique of on-screen graphics began in earnest with those first ABC broadcasts of the AFL. Alas for Arledge and ABC, after four years the league sold its broadcast rights to richer NBC and then, four years later, merged with the NFL.
By 1969 the NFL had played five games on Monday nights, the first of them in 1966. All five were carried by CBS, to mediocre ratings. But with ABC the odd web out on pro football games, Arledge of necessity approached NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle about playing a game every Monday night beginning with the 1970 season. The idea had always appealed to Rozelle, who had loved the night exhibition games the Los Angeles Rams played when he was their publicist in the early fifties. "There was something special about the spotlight hitting the players when the starting lineups were announced," Rozelle has said. "It created a different aura than day football. It was decidedly more dramatic."
Once persuaded of the idea, though, Rozelle maddeningly offered the Monday-night games to his loyal networks, CBS and NBC. But CBS took a pass. They had a hit in Mayberry RFD on Monday nights, and besides, God intended for you to go to church on Sundays, not on Monday evenings. (And make no mistake, the NFL was church. To his lasting regret Rozelle ordered the league to play on the Sunday after the Kennedy assassination, in part because a landmark television contract was in the works and in part because the league was feeling a thou-shalt-keep-holy-the-Sabbath inviolability.)
In any event NBC, which had its popular Movie of the Week on Monday nights, also spurned the offer. So ABC had football for the fall of 1970 with one condition: Arledge insisted that he be able to choose his own announcers without interference from the NFL. Television contracts in that day called for approval of network announcers by the leagues; indeed, it had been only four years earlier that CBS broadcaster Jack Whitaker was thrown off the Masters' telecast by tournament officials for impudently calling the Augusta National gallery a "mob." But Rozelle agreed to give a free hand to Arledge, and the first person Arledge hired for his new Monday Night Football was Howard Cosell.
A few years earlier Arledge had signed Cosell to appear as a boxing analyst on Wide World and to cover the sport at the 1968 Olympics. Cosell instantly seized a high profile with his interviews of Muhammad Ali, whom Cosell insisted on calling … Muhammad Ali. This was deemed outrageous and deliberately provocative, even though Muhammad Ali was the man's legal name and had been for four years. "We've forgotten how weird some people's opinions were," says Arledge. Indeed, when ABC asked Ali—who had been stripped of his heavyweight title for resisting the Vietnam draft—to commentate on its boxing coverage, it did so despite warnings against the idea from the U.S. State Department.
In those first giddy days following those first Monday nights, Arledge had to dance a conga to his desk, sidestepping bushels of letters and telegrams tottering in piles throughout his office. He could peel one off a stack at random and invariably the missive would read, "Get him off the air!" Of course, "him" was Cosell, who later estimated that half of his mail began with the cheery salutation "You nigger-loving Jew bastard … "
The essence of the outcry was clear. "We were desecrating something," says Arledge. "CBS had Ray Scott, and now we had this loudmouthed Howard on TV questioning everything, yelling about what a dumb trade that was, and asking, 'Don't football players have rights?' And a lot of the owners just couldn't deal with it."
It was clear, too, that television could create a collective national experience, could unite a country in something, if only in its distaste for this toupeed boor spouting polysyllables in a broadcast booth. By the fall of 1971, thirty million viewers were tuning in to ABC on Monday nights.
With those kinds of numbers, it became a fait accompli. Within four years the World Series was made a primarily prime-time affair, and by 1978 the Super Bowl had also encroached on that rarefied space. Don't blame television or him, says Arledge; blame baseball and football owners: "Because they want to get more money, and the way to get more money is to play your games in prime time."
Sure, advertising dollars were wallpapering the networks' Sixth Avenue offices as well, but before long those dollars would return to the NFL as ten-dollar bills. CBS paid $14 million a year to televise the NFL in 1964 and '65. By 1982 the three networks paid a combined $2.1 billion to televise NFL games for five years. By 1990 five networks paid $3.6 billion for three years. And in 1993 Rupert Murdoch and the Fox network paid $1.58 billion for the rights to televise just the National Football Conference for four years.
Football would be played no more in the CBS cathedral but in a Fox-hole where coverage will likely owe more to ABC and Arledge. In 1974, when he hired Fred (the Hammer) Williamson to briefly join the Monday Night lineup—a position that in 1983 would be filled by a more glamorous football entity, O. J. Simpson—Arledge noticed, on a chain around the Hammer's neck, a clenched black fist and a solid-gold penis, two items of jewelry seldom worn by Ray Scott of the CBS television network.
His ABC press-kit biography used to end with the unbecoming (and highly dubious) boast that Roone Arledge holds the records "for shooting the largest leopard and Cape buffalo—the latter considered the most dangerous animal in the world—on an African safari." How could anyone know that those two animals were the largest of their kind ever shot on an African safari? As for that clause between dashes—"the most dangerous animal in the world"—it seems a rather subjective and gratuitous flourish, does it not?
Arledge has occasionally been accused of creating yards of his legend from whole cloth. Tony Verna, a former director at CBS, will tell you that he and his network were first on the air with slow-motion instant replay, on an Army-Navy football telecast on New Year's Eve in 1964, though the historical record is obstinately unclear on the matter.
Certainly Arledge has known virtually every world leader and athletic giant of our time as head of the News and Sports divisions at ABC, and his is the world's grandest TV résumé. Even among his myriad achievements, one stands above all as the Cape buffalo of his accomplishments. It happened in Munich in 1972.
Arledge produced ten Olympics, and they are collectively the pride of his twenty-five years at ABC Sports. But the prices were dear, and he can tick off each of them to this day: Innsbruck in 1964 cost $250,000. Mexico City in 1968 cost $3 million, and that one really got to him. His colleagues thumped him on the back after he won the rights to those Games, but Arledge felt like vomiting. "Why are you congratulating me?" he asked. He was sick and remorseful, bedeviled by the buyer's guilt you and I might get after shelling out for a Chevette.
Munich ran $13.5 million, and four years later the '76 Games in Montreal cost $25 million, and suddenly it was all insane. "It used to be in those days," says Arledge, "that you'd rebuild an entire city if you had the Olympic Games." Montreal got new roads, a refurbished infrastructure, and a soon-to-be-domed stadium for its two weeks before the world.
Still, there were two sticking points with the Montreal Olympic Organizing Committee as Arledge was negotiating the rights to those Games in the middle of a Quebec night. The MOOC-amucks demanded 1) that Cosell not be assigned to the Olympics and 2) that no mention be made of the Munich Games in ABC's coverage of the opening ceremonies.
Arledge calmly responded with a question of his own, not out of anger but with a bemused, almost clinical detachment: "Are you out of your minds?"
The Montreal rights had drawn such a high price precisely because of what had happened in Munich. For starters, the 1972 Games had been the first to take over the whole of a network's prime-time schedule. (The Mexico City Games had been shunted to ABC's worst time-slot ghettos.) What's more, those Olympics had been a riveting athletic success. When they were over, Mark Spitz had more gold hanging from his neck than Fred (the Hammer) Williamson, and the U.S. men's basketball team had had its own gold stolen by those villainous, still-invincible emissaries from the Evil Empire in an epic final.
Yet the lower-case games themselves had become but a jot on history's seismograph after the events of September 5, when eleven Israeli athletes were taken hostage by Palestinian terrorists in the athletes' village at 4:30 that morning.
Jim McKay, ABC's Olympic studio host, was preparing to take a dip in the hotel pool on his only day off in the fortnight when he was summoned to duty. He would be on the air for the next eighteen hours, anchoring field coverage from Cosell and from Peter Jennings, the network's Beirut correspondent, who was in Munich for the Games.
Citizens of the world sat gathered around their televisions, the electronic hearth hissing and spitting bad news like sparks. In the end even some relatives of the hostages themselves received the sickening news from McKay, who, wearied and wan, could say little more than, "They're all gone."
Within a day Arledge and his staff had produced a forty-minute instant documentary on the murders, featuring reaction from Willy Brandt and the Munich chief of police and members of the Israeli Knesset and Golda Meir. He was puzzled when, Rozelle-like, Avery Brundage ordered the Games to go on that day; he was puzzled, likewise, when ABC News told him it did not want his documentary, that this was somehow still about sports. So Arledge moved all of his commercial spots in that day's Olympic programming to the beginning and middle of his show and ran the damn documentary in his own time, forty minutes uninterrupted at the end of the Olympic program. And don't think he forgot the slight when he took over last-place ABC News (in addition to Sports) in 1978 and made it the More-Americans-Get-Their-News-from-ABC-News-Than-from-Any-Other-Source king of Broadcast Row.
Arledge's coverage from Munich "changed television itself," wrote Gunther and Carter. "From then on, whenever a catastrophe struck, viewers no longer were content to wait for film at eleven; they expected television to afford them a chance to be eyewitnesses to history." In short, these "viewers" were about to become voyeurs, a phenomenon that would seem to reach its apocalyptic apotheosis on a Friday night in the summer of 1994 when ninety-five million Americans stayed tuned to several networks to see if O. J. Simpson would commit suicide on the San Diego Freeway.
ABC won twenty-nine Emmys for its Munich production. Even the president of archenemy CBS, ABC's own evil empire, approached Arledge at a post-Olympics luncheon in New York and congratulated him, something that just doesn't happen on the graceless weasel farm of network television. "It was," Bob Wood told Arledge, "like the nation was reading the same book together."
You can hear it. Power thrums through the corridors like traffic through the streets of Gotham, five stories below. Roone Arledge became president of ABC News exclusively in 1986, and from his elegant office here he can now look at sports as a father might look at somewhat disappointing children who have left the nest.
He sat by, gaping like the rest of us, as CBS overpaid for baseball by half a billion dollars in 1990. He calls the NFL's most recent television contract "a stroke of luck," after watching the league stuff Rupert Murdoch's money down its pants like a frenzied participant in a Dash for Dollars contest.
Arledge worries that these price tags may one day hang like toe tags on American sports. "The basic ill in sports today has got to be money," he says, "and it's ultimately going to corrupt everything. You have owners who can't control themselves giving all this money to players. You have twenty-five-year-old kids making several million dollars a year and thinking they're entitled to it. They argue that rock stars and movie stars make that kind of money, and they're performers just like athletes are. But I would like to think there's a difference between an athlete and a rock star. Unfortunately, it may well be that as new generations come along, they won't miss the virtues that used to be at the center of sport. They may see sports only as a means to a sneaker deal."
With all these chickens coming home to roost, doesn't this television executive feel a little like Harlan Sanders? Arledge acknowledges his and TV's place in "the feeding chain." But network execs—and team owners and athletes, for that matter—are entrepreneurs who can do as they please. Arledge makes $3 million annually, but he also made his sports division, traditionally a loss leader for a network, eminently profitable.
It is state-sponsored sports fanaticism that he finds particularly vexing, all of these modern-day ancient Romes across America, obsessed with gladiators and lavish Colosseums. Think of all that a new NFL team will do for Charlotte, Arledge says—wonderful, inestimable things—but think also of all that a new NFL team will not do for that city.
"I think a question that has to be asked is, In a time of poverty and homelessness and crime and all the other problems this society has, should we be building four-hundred-million-dollar stadiums with public funds?" he says. "In most cases these stadiums are publicly financed but privately profitable. And there are very few other places where that is true. It is not true of the Metropolitan Opera. We are notorious in this country for not subsidizing the arts and politics and things that we should. And yet, we do it in sports without even thinking about it. In fact, it's a hallmark. If you don't do it, you're somehow second-rate."
In other words, you're not … major league. Up-and-coming cities need Major League franchises to be considered major league, and they need gleaming new stadiums to attract the franchises. It is the magical mantra of the film Field of Dreams: If you build it, they will come. One man understood this better than any other. Nobody built a bigger field from bigger dreams than Judge Roy Hofheinz, who was himself as big as all of Texas.
CHAPTER TWO
The Judge smoked twenty-five cigars a day, great tobacco-filled dirigibles that befit a man of his dimensions: the fifty-seven-inch waistline, the cuff links as big and loud as cymbals, the long Cadillac limousine in which he drove himself through Houston. It was said that Judge Roy Hofheinz could not find a chauffeur willing to work his hours, which were roughly the same as a 7-Eleven's.
Sleep, and you cannot graduate from high school at sixteen (as the Judge did), pass the Texas bar at nineteen, be elected to the state legislature at twenty-two and to the judgeship of Houston's Harris County at twenty-four. To the Judge life was a Whitman's Sampler of possibilities. He devoured the legal profession, politics, the slag industry, real estate, radio, television, and professional sports—licking his fingers clean of each career before plucking out a new one.
The son of a laundry-truck driver, Hofheinz was also at various times Lyndon Johnson's campaign manager, the mayor of Houston, the builder of the Astrodome, and the owner of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. The last two roles best suited the Judge's personality, though a Houston contemporary named Willard Walbridge once found it insufficient to equate Hofheinz with P. T. Barnum. Said Walbridge, "He made P. T. Barnum look like fourteen miles of bad road."
Thus in the early 1960s, when the Judge was planning sport's first domed stadium, he insisted that the dugouts be an extravagant 120 feet long. This was done not as a pioneering concession to player comfort but so that as many ticket buyers as possible could be obliged when they asked for seats behind the dugout.
When those seats, fully upholstered, theater-style, were installed, their various colors formed a garish palette that the Judge (whose garb ran to canary-yellow pants and test-pattern blazers) thought profoundly beautiful. "I'm inclined to think the Lord agrees with me a little bit," he explained, "'cause I've never seen the flowers of the fields all one color." It is instructive to note that the Lord agreed with the Judge, not the other way around.
After all, it was the Judge, not the Lord, who carved out the modern physical landscape of professional sports, a terrain blistered by domes and green with the fungus of artificial turf. Both were the brainchildren of Judge Roy Hofheinz.
Even as baseball emerges from the architectural dark ages of the 1960s and '70s, marked by the blight of the multipurpose stadium, and begins once again building traditional parks like Camden Yards and The Ballpark in Arlington, these—and all big-time sports stadiums and arenas constructed today—are designed around the luxury skybox and the elaborate electronic scoreboard. Both are the intellectual offspring of the Judge, who changed the very way Americans attend their games.
"We combined baseball with a cocktail party," says Fred Hofheinz, fifty-six, the Judge's younger son, himself a former mayor of Houston and his father's right-hand man in the first years of the Astrodome. "You can wander around your box with a drink in your hand and sell some guy some insurance. And I promise you, there are people all over sports now who never look at the sports event. The whole time, they're selling. I was at a Rockets game last Saturday, and I don't even remember who won."
On an April night in 1965, the Astros flew from their spring training home in Cocoa, Florida, to Houston, where they bused directly to the brand-new Astrodome to drop off equipment. Larry Dierker, an eighteen-year-old rookie pitcher on that club, bounded from the clubhouse into the concourse-level seats that night, taking in the multiple miracles before him: the air-conditioning, the grass growing indoors (artificial turf was not laid until the following year), the translucent roof (greenhouse by day, a planetarium by night)—the whole otherworldly quality of this $32 million marvel on the Texas prairie. To this day, Dierker recalls the moment exactly. "It was," he says, "like walking into the next century."
As the story of Los Angeles begins with irrigation, so the story of the Astrodome begins with air-conditioning. Willis H. Carrier was the Edison of the air conditioner, a mechanical engineer who predicted in 1939 that man would soon live beneath climate-controlled bubbles, with God powerless to impose weather on his creatures. To many of his contemporaries, Willis H. Carrier was, well, downright daft.
But was he? The globe is now goitered with domed stadiums, everywhere from Tokyo to Toronto. In Carrier's native upstate New York, Syracuse Orangemen play basketball and football in the Carrier Dome, an eponym that suggests Carrier was right after all. He was right. But it was the Judge who made good on the prophecy.
Roy Mark Hofheinz began relieving Texans from the sun—and of their money—as a nine-year-old during Prohibition, when he set up a refreshment stand in his front yard, displaying a hand-lettered sign that read NEAR BEER SOLD HERE, BUT NO BEER SOLD NEAR HERE. He was still cooling customers in the 1970s, when his AstroWorld amusement park hummed with the sound of that ultimate Texas extravagance: it had outdoor air-conditioning.
At home in the dead of a Houston summer, the Judge would often turn his own AC up high enough to frost the family room; when he had the house feeling like a refrigerated boxcar, he would build a fire in the fireplace and bask in its crackling warmth.
Yes, sir, air-conditioning could bring Christmas in July. So together with Houston oilman R. E. (Bob) Smith, who had a bigger pile than God, the visionary Judge decided to build the world's largest air-conditioned indoor shopping complex, just off Westheimer Road in Houston. That was the late fifties. The word today is mall.
About that time a group of local investors was trying to land a Major League Baseball team for Houston. Frustrated in its efforts, the group began planning a third big league, the Continental League. "This was the heyday in ownership profitability, in control of ballplayers," Fred Hofheinz points out. "The reserve clause was still in place. Most baseball clubs were privately held by rich individuals. Baseball was a club—an inside club. And the Continental League was designed to put pressure on everybody to expand the American and National leagues."
In little more than a decade, baseball's reserve clause would be challenged by Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals, and the mahoganied country club of owners in the other three major professional sports would be gate-crashed by a couple of California hepcats named Gary Davidson and Dennis Murphy. But in 1960 the baseball establishment forestalled these events by simply allowing two more members beyond the red velvet ropes, granting National League franchises to New York and Houston. The latter team would be called the Colt .45s. And the Colts would be owned by Judge Roy Hofheinz, who abandoned his plans for a shopping mall when he alighted on a better, more colossal use for the cool, gentle breezes stirred by the man-made miracle of air-conditioning.
Understand that the Judge blew a lot of smoke, and not all of it came from a lighted corona. He always said that he was inspired to build the Astrodome after a visit to Rome with his wife, Dene. "Mama and I were standing there looking at the Colosseum," he would say of the ancient arena, which was at times roofed by a tarplike velarium in inclement weather. "It was a large, round facility, and most of the stadiums in the U.S. had been built to conform to the shape of the playing fields. Rectangular."
And, indeed, the Astrodome would be round, built to fit baseball and football and basketball and boxing and tractor pulls and concerts and what-have-you. So would the four undomed ballparks that would follow rapid-fire in the late 1960s and early 1970s: the abominations of Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia, and Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh. Those parks are called octorads, or rounded rectangles, and it was precisely that kind of esoterica—architectural and otherwise—that had a dead-bolt lock on the Judge's imagination.
For his intellect was as sharp as the crease in his trousers. The Judge wore a gold watch, but it concealed a tiny slide rule, which says a lot about the man. "I remember vividly a stack of books on the kitchen table," says Fred. "All of them about domes."
Convinced that man could raise a dome higher than man could hit a baseball, the Judge and Bob Smith purchased 494 acres of scrubland, empty save for a lone mesquite tree, from the Hilton Hotel Corporation. The city had already planned fourteen lanes of freeway to run past the site, and ground was broken for the Harris County Domed Stadium, to be opened in 1965. For three seasons the Colt .45s would play outdoors in a temporary, low-budget ballpark called Colt Stadium. By day fans would be hotter than bejesus and by night would be buzzed by Cessna-sized mosquitoes.
The name Colt .45s evoked the old Houston, whereas the Judge was looking to help shape the new, Space Age city, which was already home to NASA. So he telephoned a friend, astronaut Alan Shepard, one evening in the winter of 1964 and asked him if the Mercury Seven crew would like a ball club named for them. Of course, replied Shepard, who was such a sports fanatic that he would carry golf clubs to the moon on his trip there in 1971.
Thus the Colt .45s would become the Astronauts, a name the Judge preemptively clipped to Astros, knowing that newspaper-headline writers would do so anyway. (Defiantly, newspaper headline writers briefly referred to the Astros as the 'Tros, and to this day they are often the 'Stros.) The Harris County Domed Stadium would become the Astrodome, and the Judge would become master of what he called his Astrodomain: the Astrodome and the Astros, the Astrolite scoreboard and the Astrotots puppet theater, the Astro-Bowl bowling alley and the AstroWorld amusement park and the AstroHall exhibition arena. They were enough to make you AstroSick, but the names took root.
The Astrodome was paid for with municipal bonds, but the Judge built fifty-three luxury boxes with $2 million out of his own silken pocket. "It was done," says Fred, "to attract people who used baseball games as a backdrop to sell their products." And the Judge could sell nasal spray to the noseless. When players refused to appear on the Astros' pregame radio show because they weren't receiving watches or lube jobs or golf shirts or gift certificates in compensation, the Judge made an impassioned clubhouse speech to his charges: "Radio is the only link that a blind man has to his beloved Astros, for God's sake, and … "
"I don't even remember what-all he said," recalls Dierker, "but for weeks after, players were lining up to do that show."
So the Judge had no trouble renting his luxury boxes, which he said were inspired by, of course, a trip to the Colosseum. "I found out that the emperor and all the bigwigs sat at the top of the stadium," he used to say. The truth is, the bigwigs did not sit at the top of the Colosseum, and the Judge did not set foot in the old arena until 1967, when he flew to Rome to purchase the circus from John Ringling North.
For publicity purposes the papers were signed in the historic showplace. When the Judge's photo-opportunists tried to move a large stone into the picture, Colosseum guards went berserk. The stone had been in place for two thousand years, having been laid there by the emperor Vespasian.
When the Astrodome opened for its first exhibition baseball game, on April 9, 1965, it was proclaimed the world's single largest air-conditioned space. When the first home run was hit that day, by Mickey Mantle, of all people, the 474-foot-long scoreboard flashed TILT! If an Astro hit a homer, on the other hand, the scoreboard (with the world's largest screen) would produce a smoke-snorting bull, American and Texas flags flying from its horns like the flags on the fenders of a presidential limousine. (All of which would soon prompt Chicago Cub manager Leo Durocher to say, portentously, "Houston is bush.") On this day of the first exhibition, in fact, the president himself was in rapt attendance; the Judge's close friend Lyndon Johnson watched the 'Tros beat the Yanks 2–1.
"There was a mania to get inside the Dome that first year," says Astrodomophile Chuck Pool, a former Astro publicist who is now media-relations director for the Florida Marlins. "There was a Boy Scout Circus in the Dome in 1965. Ordinarily the Scouts would sell fifty thousand tickets for these things, but maybe three thousand people would attend. People bought tickets as a donation. But in 1965 they sold sixty thousand tickets, and everyone with a ticket showed up to watch the Boy Scouts, with thousands more outside screaming to get in."
Sixty thousand people paid to watch a Webelo tie a slipknot. Millions of tourists would pay a dollar apiece to enter the Dome and watch nothing at all. Fifty-three thousand would watch UCLA and Houston—Lew Alcindor versus Elvin Hayes—play on January 20, 1968, the night college basketball came of age. And nineteen million worldwide watched five years later as Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs caricatured the battle of the sexes by playing a preposterous tennis match in the Astrodome.
While King's 6–4, 6–3, 6–3 victory that night was trumpeted as a sporting milestone, her triumph would prove fleeting, as two decades later only a handful of women in golf, tennis, and Olympic sports would be able to match the handsome incomes of their male counterparts. Yet on this night of spectacle in the Dome, King made her testosteroned tormentor look ridiculous.
Nothing was quite so ridiculous, though, as that week the Astrodome opened, when baseballs fell like baseball-sized hail on the Astros and the Yankees and the Baltimore Orioles and the Philadelphia Phillies. The Dome's translucent roof panels created such a glare during day games that Baltimore's Boog Powell took the field in a batting helmet. The league tried different-colored balls—red, yellow, cerise—to combat the problem, which was basically this: The Astros were in danger of becoming the first team to call a game on account of sunshine.
The club immediately painted over the roof panels, banishing sunlight. "And that was the death knell for grass," says Fred. The grass, Tifway 419 Bermuda, had been specially developed by scientists in Tifton, Georgia. But without sunlight the grass was going, going, gone. And yet the death knell for Tifway 419 Bermuda would be the life knell for another kind of turf being developed by scientists at Monsanto—as well as the life knell for knee surgeons for decades to come.
For the remainder of the 1965 season, the Judge simply painted over the dead grass and dirt in his outfield, mixed in some sawdust, and called it grass, though it was essentially a sandlot.
"I think he suspected all along that the grass wouldn't work," says Pool. "Artificial turf was developed in '64 through a Ford Foundation study that indicated city kids entering the army had lower coordination than suburban and rural kids. The study concluded that it was because city kids had no play areas. The first artificial turf was installed at Moses Brown Playground in Providence. And Hofheinz had installed a patch at spring training in '65."
Before sealing the deal to introduce artificial turf into the year-old Astrodome, the Judge procured a thirty-foot-long sample of the wonder-stuff from Monsanto, installed it at old Colt Stadium, and assaulted the surface in sundry Hofheinzian ways that would never have occurred to the manufacturer. Among the durability tests administered by Hofheinz: Rented elephants urinated on the nylon rug while trampling over it—approximating the kind of abuse a Lenny Dykstra might one day deliver to the surface.
In March 1966 carpet was laid in the Dome. In the first Major League Baseball game played on AstroTurf, a Los Angeles Dodger rookie named Don Sutton got his first Major League win. The Astro starter was Robin Roberts, who was headed for the Hall of Fame, and it appeared that AstroTurf was headed there as well. Busch Stadium in St. Louis, which opened later that year, would forsake grass in 1970 for low-maintenance AstroTurf. By 1973 five more stadiums would have synthetic surfaces, and AstroTurf welcome mats would join lawn jockeys and pink flamingos as staples of American exterior decorating.
As would be expected of a man who knows where to rent an incontinent elephant, the Judge traveled widely in life. The 1970 stroke that left him in a wheelchair (until his death, in 1982, at age seventy) did little to slow him. No, the Judge smoked life down to the butt end, as if it were one of his Sans Souci Perfectos, the cigars he snuffed out in gold ashtrays shaped like upturned fielder's gloves.
Aides would simply carry the Judge up to the Parthenon, like the potentate he was, on a visit to Athens. Like Lord Elgin, the Judge assembled all sorts of curiosa—unsightly statuary, antique furniture, garish baubles—to cart back to Texas. The crates piled up at his Houston homes, not unlike in the last scene of Citizen Kane.
"I'm surprised they haven't made a movie about this man," says Pool. "He was truly larger than life. At the end he had grown a beard and looked like Orson Welles. And his voice, it had this … riveting intensity."
What was the epigraph that began Kane?
"In Xanadu did Kubla Khan, a stately pleasure dome decree …" The Judge had moved into his Dome following the death of Dene in 1966, into his famously sybaritic apartment above the right center field–pavilion seats.
Behind the odd-shaped windows the Judge lived for eight years, surrounded by a billiard parlor, and a minigolf course, and a beauty salon, and a barber shop, and an interfaith chapel, and a children's library, and a presidential suite reserved for LBJ, and bathrooms with gilded toilet seats.
The Judge had another sometime residence, the Celestial Suites at the AstroWorld Hotel. A bathtub there was so large, it required an indoor-pool permit. In fact, the $3,000-a-night Celestial Suites penthouse was listed in The Guinness Book of World Records as the planet's most expensive hotel room. Elvis stayed there, though rumor has it that he found the place, decorated with the detritus of the Judge's European shopping sprees, too gaudy.
On weekends the Judge relaxed at his bayfront retreat, called Huckster House. The great man unwound there by clanging a locomotive bell he kept in the front yard, ringing the thing like Quasimodo at ungodly hours of the night "just to let the neighbors know we're around."
Alas, it is all lost now: Huckster House, the Celestial Suites, the apartment at the Astrodome. Pool took the media through the Judge's chambers for one last tour before the Astros gutted the residence in 1988. It had been fifteen years since the Judge lived in the Dome, but parts of his crib remained spookily intact. Pool, rummaging through the rooms alone, opened one door in the dark, flipped on a light, and was greeted by a disembodied head falling off a shelf. It was the overstuffed noggin of Chester Charge, the Astros' first mascot.
It is all lost now, but in its day the Judge's Astrodomain was a spectacle the likes of which the world had never seen, nor will likely ever want to see again. "I've stayed in some pretty good places," columnist Art Buchwald said after a night in the Celestial Suites, "but nothing quite so ridiculous as that joint."
There will never be another Judge. There will never be another Dome. French ambassador Herve Alphand visited Houston in 1965 and compared the steel-girdered roof of the Astrodome to the Eiffel Tower. "The Eiffel Tower is nice," agreed the Judge, "but you can't play ball there."
They all came: Bob Hope and Billy Graham. Buchwald and Buckminster Fuller. Lyndon and Lady Bird. Huntley and Brinkley. Princess Grace and Prince Rainier. When the (Astro)world was young, a Houston Astro might meet anyone upon arrival each day at the park.
On the eve of the 1967 Houston Champion International golf tournament, there was a pregame closest-to-the-pin contest. Various Astros drove golf balls from home plate to a flagstick in center field, competing against a team composed of PGA veterans and … Lawrence Welk. "I can still remember, [Astro infielder] Doug Rader kept calling Lawrence Welk Larry," recalls Dierker wistfully. "Hey, Larry … " The Astros were brash and young, and expected to remain so forever.
But time passes. Huntley and Brinkley split up, Princess Grace was killed in a car wreck, and sometime in there the Astrodome went flat, like a sunken soufflé. The Camelot optimism that ushered in the 1960s—that ushered in the Astrodome—had long before gone flat, like old champagne. Or the champagne music of Larry Welk.
The erstwhile Eighth Wonder of the World is now another dreary pitcher's park, albeit one that gave us fake grass and turf toe and rug burn and corporate boxes and those infernal cartoon clapping hands that tell us when to cheer. Happily, the legacy of the Astrodome is more than that, as the legacy of the 1960s is more than Vietnam and assassinations.
"I think what has happened to professional sports since 1960 is what I call the gentrification of it," says Fred Hofheinz, who chooses his words carefully, as if selecting tomatoes at the market, turning each possibility over in his head before speaking. "Up until then, there were sports fans and there were sports pages and a lot of people who followed sports. But beginning about the time that my dad and other promoters around the country became involved—with the advent of television—sports became something that everybody followed.
"Enormous new markets opened up, and the Dome was part of that. If you were to go to a Houston Buffs minor league game, you would have seen the die-hard fans, the people who kept scorecards and read the box scores every morning. That guy was in the minority at the Dome. At the Dome the wives came. The children came. Suddenly it was a whole new milieu of fans. The Dome greatly broadened sports' appeal for these people. In Houston it became a social event to go to the Astrodome. Women went to the Astrodome in heels!"
Indeed, the Judge created an entire press box for women society-page writers. The "hen coop" produced Astrodome stories that turned on such questions as "Is it proper for a man to wear his hat indoors?" Of course, the hats in question were cowboy hats, this being Texas; other American men had stopped wearing snap-brimmed fedoras to ball games (or anyplace else) after John Kennedy went bare-noggined on Inauguration Day in 1961.
Let the word go forth. The 1960s were to herald a new, hatless era. The Space Age. In Living Color. If the new decade wasn't exactly a new century, well, you could see a new century from there—from a concourse at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. That city, it should not be forgotten, would fairly redeem the violent 1960s, just 165 days before the decade expired, by landing Americans on the moon with a bronze plaque. WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND
As for the stadium named for the astronauts: When the Judge was still living in his famously sybaritic apartment above the right-field bleachers, an electrician named Don Collins had cause to work in the Astrodome at all hours. In the middle of some nights, in the vast, empty, dark arena, Collins could look up to a window of the Hofheinz residence and see only the glowing ember of a cigar, floating there like a firefly, high above the synthetic playing field.
The Judge is gone from this life some twelve years now, but the ember still glows, a spectral stogie. Its blue smoke hangs like a spirit above every arena in the land.
CHAPTER THREE
Gary Davidson has a lot of balls: gold-and-orange-striped footballs that flew like kited checks in the World Football League, and red-white-and-blue basketballs whose pigmented leather was hard to grip in the American Basketball Association. He has dark-blue hockey pucks held over from the World Hockey Association, smart little slabs of rubber that look alarmingly like those urinal-disinfectant cakes.
To be fair, Davidson had originally lobbied for a less subtle fire-engine-red puck for his new WHA to use, but that notion was angrily shot down by the general manager of the Alberta (eventually Edmonton) Oilers, Wild Bill Hunter. "That is the most ridiculous thing I've ever seen," Hunter said when first affronted by the proposed scarlet puck. "Our players will never be able to see that puck."
Why not?
"Because," said Wild Bill, "they'll be looking for a black one."
The word ridiculous comes up often when speaking of the spawn of Gary Davidson, who made his way through only slightly fewer leagues than Jules Verne and turned out more acronyms than the New Deal of Franklin Roosevelt. This is the man who was the first president of the ABA, a cofounder of the WHA, and the founder of the WFL. In the 1970s Davidson's rebel leagues were designed to be the mod alternative to the square professional sports establishment, or at least the 1974 WFL media guide would have you believe that. "The Detroit Wheels are a 'now' team," grooved the guide. "The World Football League's 12 teams are 'where it's at.'" When the Wheels later went defunct, Detroit was somehow … de-funked.
It wasn't just the Wheels. Most of Davidson's teams and all of his leagues would eventually go south, metaphorically emulating the Toronto Northmen of the WFL, who became the Memphis Southmen before playing the first game in their unspeakable "Burnt Orange and Old Gold." But while the leagues lived fast, they also died young, leaving creditors and historians to sort through the bad checks and ridiculous nicknames left behind. (It is doubly instructive that one of the first checks ever written to the WHA was the initiation fee for the Miami Screaming Eagles. It bounced.)
The leagues were sublimely ridiculous from day one, literally from the moment that the formation of the ABA was announced in 1967. Davidson's autobiography is entitled Breaking the Game Wide Open. He calls it "a terrible book," and indeed it has more dead spots than the floor of the Boston Garden. But the book's account of the press conference held to launch the ABA, at New York's ultratony Hotel Carlyle, is enlightening.
"The buffet was loaded with delicacies of every description," Davidson wrote. "The whiskey flowed like water. A free ABA basketball was given to every writer and broadcaster in the place. Naked dancing girls circulated everywhere—well, they weren't really naked, and they weren't really dancing girls, but you get the idea. I don't know what they were or what they were doing there… . We spent $35,000 and we got a circus for our money. Everyone had fun, but no one took us seriously. It was a joke, and it made us look ridiculous."
It also made them look prophetic. You want to know what the most ridiculous thing was about Gary Davidson and his rebel leagues? It was this: In many ways, they weren't ridiculous at all.
"Gary Davidson," noted Sports Illustrated in 1975, "has been one of the most influential figures in the history of professional sport."
"What man, more than any other, has had the greatest impact on professional sports in America?" asked an editorial in The Sporting News in 1977. "You'd have to say Gary Davidson." In the months that passed between those two pronouncements, sports were undergoing a Davidsonic boom, and yet the name Gary Davidson, to hear it now, has little resonance for Joe Fan.
He was a Ted Turner who colorized the games even as he terrorized the existing salary structures. He and a team of fellow attorneys unshackled athletes from their restrictive contracts in the established National leagues: the NHL, the NFL, and the NBA, the last a league whose average player salary quadrupled, to $109,000, during the ABA's nine-year life span. In the Davidson lexicon, those leagues and the three TV networks made up the professional sports establishment. "Never met Roone," Davidson says, "because I was never part of the establishment."
Of course, Davidson also helped professional sport to establish itself, to realize its manifest destiny in North America. He spread franchises like fertilizer to all corners of the continent as he scattered his sales pitches (like fertilizer) to prospective owners in San Antonio and Winnipeg and Indianapolis, cities that became major league the instant a local millionaire industrialist said yes to Davidson's alluring offer of sporting eminence.
This is the primary legacy of Davidson's leagues. "A lot of new cities that had never had teams proved they could carry teams," says Tim Grandi, the former associate general counsel for the WFL. "And certainly, whether Gary intended it or not, players acquired new freedoms and prosperity that didn't previously exist. He wasn't Moses, but he did take control of professional sports away from a clique of owners and opened it up to more people and more cities."
"Walter O'Malley and Horace Stoneham are viewed as being extremely important in the evolution of modern pro sports," says Max Muhleman, a former vice president of the WFL. "What they did was induce other owners to view the sporting landscape in much larger terms. I can see a lot of that in what Gary Davidson did."
"I was probably responsible for more benefits to the players than Pete Rozelle or any other commissioner," Davidson says quietly today, "but I don't think that that will come up much anymore."
It won't come up because Davidson has been forgotten. His was a colorful streak across the 1970s sky, but one that ultimately fell short, like Evel Knievel at the Snake River Canyon. And yet his improbable story is worth reviving. Raised by a divorced mother, he worked his way through his first year of UCLA Law by picking up freshly murdered corpses at the coroner's office while on the night shift of an L.A. mortuary. Not many years after graduation, having established himself as a tax and finance attorney in Orange County, Davidson got in on the ground floor of something called the American Basketball Association. Once again, and for many years to come, Gary Davidson would be working with stiffs.
"In the 1950s," Davidson notes in his autobiography, "men who had been unable to obtain major league franchises formed the Continental League. It never got off the ground, but the threat of it forced expansion which brought some of the Continental League members into baseball's major leagues."
Spectator sports never much interested Davidson. Professional leagues captured his imagination only when he realized they could be used as a Hofheinzian financial lever. Only then did he find fifty ways to love his lever.
As the Continental League gave us the New York Mets and the Houston Astros, so are Davidson's rebel leagues responsible for the Edmonton Oilers and the Denver Nuggets and the Hartford Whalers and the Indiana Pacers and the Quebec Nordiques and the San Antonio Spurs and the Winnipeg Jets and the New Jersey Nets; for three-point shots and goalposts in the back of the end zone; for Julius Erving and Wayne Gretzky.
Wayne Gretzky. Davidson had never seen a hockey game until he cofounded the World Hockey Association in 1971. Before the league began play in '72, three potential franchise owners visited California from the hockey Holy Land, Canada. The idea was to get better acquainted with the thirty-seven-year-old Davidson and his forty-five-year-old colleague, Dennis Murphy—who had founded the ABA—by attending a Los Angeles Kings game with them.
"I'll never forget," says Murphy. "We're all sitting there in a row, the game is about to start, and the linesman goes to center ice and is about to drop the puck when Gary says, 'What are they doing?'"
Wild Bill Hunter, a profane, white-haired frontiersman who conjured images of Yosemite Sam, looked at Murphy and barked, "Who the hell is this guy?"
"Later," says Murphy, "Gary would fall asleep during the game. But in fairness to him, he never purported to know anything about hockey."
Well, he purported to know something. When the WHA named Camille Henry, a former star with the New York Rangers, to be coach of its New York Raiders, Davidson made the announcement at a press conference in Manhattan. He confidently began, "I'd like to welcome Henry Camille … "
As waves of laughter washed up to the podium, Davidson reddened like one of his prototype pucks. "No, no," he pleaded with the media hyenas, desperate to correct his mistake. "I mean … Hank. Hank Camille!"
The whole point was to make money, and to make money you had to make headlines, and for this pursuit Gary Davidson was perfectly appointed. He possessed what imaginative reporters called "Robert Redford good looks," and his habitual speech impediment magically evaporated when the camera lights came on. Davidson was a Skippy-smooth pitchman in a new era of sound bites, an era when there was no government undertaking, however massive, that could not be expressed in an insipid little slogan: Think metric. Whip inflation now. Fifty-five saves lives …
In both the WHA and the WFL, Davidson personally took a franchise as his own, for free, as if by birthright. He then sold them immediately. In the WFL he got $690,000 for his franchise, which became the Philadelphia Bell, whose offices routinely fielded complaints from citizens unhappy with their telephone service. Davidson would also draw a hefty salary to run the leagues from his law office—that is, once he had sold enough franchises to form a league.
Along the way Davidson was abetted by his old friend and law partner Don Regan, and by Murphy, a former marketing executive and former mayor of Buena Park, California, an Irishman from County Flimflammery with a winning smile and a world of energy. Together the trio played magnificently the egos of smalltown, big-money megalomaniacs throughout the continent, men who simply couldn't resist owning their own pro team.
"Back then there were guys who had made millions making widgets in Omaha, but the only guys who knew them were maybe their bankers and the guys at the country club," says Grandi. "But with a sports franchise, they recognized an opportunity to be known in L.A. or Detroit. Maybe ninety percent of them were flakes, but … "
"Dennis Murphy would go into a town," says Davidson, "and call an accountant or call a lawyer, and ask if he had any clients who were interested in professional sports. He wasn't saying, 'Do you have any interest in a vinyl-dye factory?' Within two days he would have gotten enough leads for us to have someone to talk to. We would then come in, and the line would be, 'Would you rather be known as the owner of the Detroit Wheels or as a manufacturer of brassieres?'"
"Pick a city you had never been to before," says Regan. "Say Quebec City. We flew into Quebec City during the WHA days. We had the mayor, the governor, the biggest businessmen in town … We'd fly in, they'd run a bloody carpet out to us, they'd drive us away in Rolls-Royces, they'd treat us like we were the potentates of the world. And the whole reason was, the existing establishment then was so monopolistic and arrogant."
The monopolistic and arrogant establishment of the NHL and the NBA and the NFL drove the rebel leaguers, fueling them with a loony motivational paranoia. "We fought for everything we got," says Murphy, "to the point where we had bugs in our chandeliers. I'm not accusing the NHL or the NBA, but who the hell else would put them there? Before we'd go into our meetings, we'd have guys go in there with debugging devices. It was war."
Though it may sound like Murphy has bugs in his chandelier, Davidson corroborates these theories of industrial espionage. "We thought," he says ominously, "that Al Davis had our office bugged."
Installing a surreptitious listening device at any rebel-league meeting would have been a logistical challenge; the league drafts, for instance, always had a quintessentially 1970s mind-if-I-crashhere spontaneity to them. They were held in just about any joint that could provide an impressive dateline. Thus, World Team Tennis—which Murphy helped found in 1973 with the staunch support of Billie Jean King—conducted its first draft in New York in the auditorium of the Time and Life Building, home of Sports Illustrated. (To this day in our editorial meetings, we mind what we say about Al Davis.)
To be fair, there were grounds for genuine suspicion in the days of the WHA. Gordie Howe, a luminary with that league's Houston Aeros during the 1973–74 season, was a member of Team Canada '74, a squad composed entirely of WHA players. An eight-game series with the Soviet national team included four games in Moscow. "The Soviets put us all in this real ratty hotel," recalls Murphy, who adds that Howe was particularly appalled by two seedy chairs in a corner.
Howe strolled over to the chandelier in his room. "Colleen," he said loudly to his wife, "I wish these people in Russia would recognize what a great star I am and give us a couple of nice chairs." The Howes left to attend practice, and they returned two hours later to a new pair of beautiful chairs. "Thank you very much, my Russian hosts," Mr. Hockey told the light fixture.
"We were known," swears Murphy, "as the Bug League." You don't have the heart to tell him that everyone was bugged in the Soviet Union, that the KGB did not target the WHA specifically—but then you suspect that Murphy already knows this.
Such self-important self-delusion was vital to the rebel leagues. When Davidson was trying to sell a franchise in a strange city, he arrived with a manufactured air of centuries-old regality.
"You'd created this story, this image, this mirage, but all of a sudden you begin to have value," recalls Davidson. He gestures across his office; in a trophy cabinet sits a mounted replica of the check for $1,000,000 made out to Robert Marvin Hull from WHA Properties, Ltd., dated June 27, 1972. Winnipeg owner Ben Hatskin was given the WHA rights to Bobby Hull because he was willing to kick in an additional $1.75 million in salary to lure the NHL's premier scorer. This was an unheard-of sum in 1972; Hull's 1971 salary with the Chicago Blackhawks had been $150,000. "We weren't sure Bobby could even play," says Davidson. "But that check created so much publicity around the world that even though Winnipeg hadn't played a single game, that franchise had value."
Davidson wasn't sure the Golden Jet could play in Winnipeg because the NHL had filed suit to retain Hull and all the other players who had signed with the WHA. The WHA, in turn, filed an antitrust suit against the NHL and was granted an injunction to play its games while the court cases were pending. In the mid-seventies the NHL abandoned its reserve clause—the legal absurdity that bound players to a team perpetually after their contracts expired—and in 1979 agreed to absorb four teams from the WHA. The lawsuits were dropped, but the WHA was rendered extinct.
By this time Davidson had already resigned from the WHA and turned his attention to his dream of a world football league. He was going to do nothing less than conquer the globe. Says Regan, "We were young enough and naive enough that we didn't know there were limits, that the world has finite boundaries."
These men were feeling immortal, the success of the WHA standing as a monument to themselves. Of course, there were other, smaller monuments. In the WHA's first season of existence, Andre Lacroix won the W. D. (Wild Bill) Hunter award as scoring champion, J. C. Tremblay was honored with the Dennis A. Murphy award as best defenseman, and Bobby Hull was the Most Valuable Player and proud recipient of the Gary L. Davidson trophy.
As Davidson prepared to breathe life into the WFL beginning in 1974, athletes' eyes were on a bigger prize. The prize would be won in baseball, the one major sport that Davidson had not challenged. In '73 a former steel-union boss named Marvin Miller, the executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association, had secured salary-arbitration rights for his constituents. Two years later an arbitrator's decision would grant "free agency" to pitchers Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally.
In the year between those two milestones, egregiously ill-timed plans were revealed for a new rebel baseball league, an opera buffa that would have nothing to do with the Davidson clique. Emboldened by the impact of the WHA and by the gaudy promises of the proposed new football league, a man named Sean Downey announced in April 1974 the imminent formation of the thirty-two-team World Baseball Association, to play in the United States, Latin America, and Asia. "Baseball as presently played and structured," said Downey, one of several original owners of the New Orleans franchise in the ABA, "is a bore." He would have known: Sean Downey was himself an insufferable gasbag with an ego like a detonated self-inflating raft. In the 1980s he would create his own abrasive, right-wing television talk show with himself, using his middle name, as the host. Morton Downey Jr. presumably figured that the show was the next best thing to owning a baseball team—and not all that different, as Marge Schott would one day demonstrate.
There is a remarkable photograph in the May 1, 1974, edition of the San Francisco Chronicle. Gary Davidson is shown "discussing matters," according to the caption, with tight end Ted Kwalick, formerly of the San Francisco 49ers but newly signed by the Honolulu Hawaiians of the World Football League. Kwalick is indoors, but he is wearing Foster Grant sunglasses. His spectacular dress shirt bears stripes so wide that there is room for only two of them. Two stripes. His shirt collar resembles a pair of pterodactyl wings. The knot in his tie is slightly larger than a baby's head. As for the tie itself, it is simply enormous, as if Kwalick were still wearing the napkin he had tucked into his collar at lunch.
The WFL's promotional literature boasted that this was a "now" league, which may explain why the league now looks so "then." Nineteen seventy-four turned out to be the WFL's only full season, but that season somehow began with bold promise in that summer of the Watergate denouement. Play began on Wednesday nights in July, as striking NFL players were printing T-shirts emblazoned with a fist and the slogan NO FREEDOM, NO FOOTBALL. The new league had the look of a high-salaried land of milk and money, flush with the wealth of men like Hawaii owner Sam Battistone, the czar of Sambo's Racially Insensitive Family Restaurants. The future was a grand boulevard, as wide as a Kwalickian lapel, and the King himself blessed the new endeavor: Elvis sat in a skybox on opening night in Memphis. The Philadelphia Bell drew a reported 120,000 fans to its first two home games.
Tax records, however, would show that only some twenty thousand tickets in Philly had been sold at full price. John F. Kennedy Stadium was a paper house, filled with fans in free seats. In fact, the entire league was a heavily mortgaged paper house, losing $20 million in its first twenty-week season. Members of the Florida Blazers were not paid for the final ten weeks of the season. Paper house? Coach Jack Pardee personally bought toilet paper for the Blazers' home locker room. "You've heard of hungry football teams?" his wife, Phyllis, once told a reporter. "The Blazers really were hungry."
Somehow the Blazers still managed to make it to the optimistically named World Bowl I, which historians have since renamed World Bowl I-and-Only. Their opponents in that game, on December 5, 1974, were the Birmingham Americans, whose uniforms were confiscated on behalf of a creditor by sheriff's deputies the day after their 22–21 triumph. As for the losers, well, at least they didn't go home empty-handed. Legend has it that following the opening coin flip, a Blazer captain put the silver dollar in his sock.
Gary Davidson exhumes his past from a sad little grocery sack. "I didn't want to lose all this," he says while dipping his hand into a paper bag full of brittle press clippings. "I don't think too much of this stuff is preserved in people's memories."
Seated in his Orange County real estate office, he lets his fingers alight on a yellowed piece of newsprint. "Here's an L.A. Times story about 1974, with pictures of Agnew, Nixon, and Davidson," he says with a sigh. "A bad year." He lifts his photo to the light, regarding himself as if in a mirror. "Good god," he mutters softly.
Good god. The Me Decade was supposed to have been his, and 1974 was to have been the most glorious year yet for him. He began writing his autobiography that February. He was photographed for the April 15 cover of SI, flanked by Kwalick and Calvin Hill of the Hawaiians. He confided to friends that he was thinking of running for the U.S. Senate in '76. He had everything, and People magazine came to photograph it: the millionaire at home in exclusive Emerald Bay, with four handsome children and a wife named Barbie, a former cheerleader at UCLA.
Trouble was, the man's life was a shimmering mirage. Where to begin? Hank Aaron hit his 715th home run on April 8, and Davidson was bumped from the front of SI; a copy of that unpublished cover hangs in his office, near the check to Robert Marvin Hull. (Says Davidson's secretary, beholding these mementos, "He had fifteen minutes to evacuate his home during the Laguna Beach fires last fall. What do you think he went back for?")
The glamorous Hawaiians turned out to be a hollow coconut, struggling to survive like every other team playing the hollow-sounding game of "WiFfLe ball," as sportswriters called it. "I remember when Dan Rogers was hired to be the first general manager of the Hawaiian franchise, and he was given a lifetime contract," says Grandi. "It wasn't too long after that, the owner called and said, 'I'm sorry, Danny, but I'm afraid you're dead.'
"So Dan came back and worked for the league, and during those final days he was talking on the phone at his desk. The desk and chair were rental furniture, and the league had fallen behind on its payments. Sure enough, the rental company comes by and takes away the desk and chair. But Dan kept right on talking on the phone."
By the end of 1974 there had been the indignity of World Bowl I-and-Only, Gary and Barbie had begun divorce proceedings, Davidson had wrecked his Jaguar, and he had been knifed in the parking lot of a Newport Beach restaurant, Woody's Wharf, while arguing with some drunk. Our Redford double got seventy stitches in his face from the last two incidents. Nineteen seventy-four literally scarred him for life.
"I turned forty," he says, continuing to recite this litany. "I ended up upside down about four million dollars, and that did not make for a good year." Nixon was exiled to San Clemente in August. And you begin thinking that maybe that old L.A. Times story got it right, that Davidson's photo belongs on the same page with Nixon and long lines at the gas station and those WHIP INFLATION NOW buttons, just another relic of an America gone bust in the mid-1970s.
If you think it is a stretch to connect Watergate and pro football, consider this: A sign in the war room of CREEP—the Committee to Re-elect the President—at the time of the Watergate break-in read WINNING IN POLITICS ISN'T EVERYTHING, IT'S THE ONLY THING. Nixon knew Frank Gifford. He surely knew Vince Lombardi.
Since 1974 Davidson has been as elusive as Bobby Fischer, the chess prodigy who went into his own self-imposed exile that summer. "I think Gary went to live in Haiti," said a friend when asked recently about Davidson. Whispers another friend: "I heard he tried to commit suicide."
Even as his autobiography was shuffling off the presses two decades ago, Davidson had begun taking drives into Baja, cruising from village to dusty village in search of a place to start over. By 1976 he was spending much of his time on a sisal plantation in Haiti. Ten thousand people on forty thousand acres. Among his investment partners in Dauphin Plantations was Papa Doc Duvalier, who did not believe in a liberal profit-sharing plan. The plantation was eventually sold to a group of Haitians, and Davidson was back in Orange County—not far from San Clemente. "All the people on the plantation," says Davidson as a footnote, "probably ended up starving to death."
His story was supposed to end here, horribly, but a funny thing happened on his way to obscurity. Unlike his basketballs, Gary Davidson bounced back. He found God and a new wife and revived his real estate career by developing retirement communities. At sixty he remains the same picture-of-health fitness freak who used to encourage his employees to climb five flights of stairs instead of using the elevator. He now says grown-up things about professional sports, like "Today's player salaries are a bit distorted" and "The owners have let things get out of control" and "The fans are paying too much." He has become a bona fide millionaire.
Like that Screaming Eagles check, it turns out Gary Davidson was made of rubber. "There's a famous line in Shakespeare," Davidson says. "In King Lear the Fool says to King Lear, 'Too bad you grew old before you grew wise.' And so the theory is, maybe I started to get wiser as I grew older."
Davidson's Shakespeare is in need of Rust-Oleum, but the important thing is that he got here, that he got to Wise. Some men go their whole lives, can't find Wisdom with a AAA road atlas. Three days after meeting Davidson, you stand in front of a Santa Monica hotel. You are waving good-bye to Dennis Murphy, who now runs a professional roller-hockey league. Abruptly, Murphy comes back to you. There is one more thing.
Smiling, he says, "You don't think Gary's interested in getting back into the sports business, do you?" No, you say. No, he isn't. Gary Davidson would rather manufacture brassieres than get back into the sports business.
CHAPTER FOUR
"Got a pencil?" Jim Brown asks when you call to arrange a visit. "Here's what you do. Call 310–652–7***. Ask for Rockhead Johnson. He has my calendar. You two work out the date."
"I'm sorry," you respond. "What was the first name?"
"Rockhead."
"Rockhead?"
"Rockhead. Rockhead Johnson."
So you dutifully dial the number and wait for Rockhead to answer, but instead you get a receptionist at Amer-I-Can, Brown's public-service organization. Summoning the most businesslike voice that circumstances will allow, you ask, "May I please speak to Rockhead? Rockhead Johnson?" A long and awkward pause follows, after which you're told that Rock is out of the office. Rock will be back in an hour. Can Rock return your call?
"This is Rock," Rock says when he phones back later. "Rock Johnson."
By now the full horror has hit you. You've been had—suckered, as Brown likes to say. The man's name isn't Rock head at all. Only one person calls him that, and only one person gets away with it. You've just been juked by Jim Brown.
He is still a familiar presence on television, an imposing bust on the small screen. His square head sits on square shoulders, a square hat sits on his square head. At fifty-eight he remains an enormous Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robot of a man. His arms are crisscrossed with scars, his fingers veer off at each joint in unexpected directions, remnants of the cartoon-violent NFL of the 1950s and '60s.
But that vision of a massive, muddied Brown begins to evaporate in your head while you drive, high above Sunset Boulevard, on a serpentine street that runs like a stream through the Hollywood Hills, Benzes and BMWs docked bargelike on both curbs. You turn off and plunge down into Jim Brown's driveway, where a young, besuited chauffeur, who has been dispatched by a local television studio, takes it upon himself to try to shoo you and your sorry blue Pontiac from the premises.
Moments later you are rescued, and Brown is amused. "I live in a boolshit world," he says of Hollywood. "But that's cool. When I go out, it's like, 'Put on your suit, baby, you're going down into the circus.' You go to Roxbury's, you know what you're going for: to see the stars and the girls and the boolshit—'Hey, what's goin' on, babe?' 'Aaaaay, Big Jim, what's happenin', man?' There's a time and place for that, as long as you don't buy into it. My way to cut through the boolshit is with simplicity. And when I stay here, everything is simple."
Jim Brown tolerates no boolshit. It is practically his credo. Ask him why he so unabashedly admires Muhammad Ali, and Brown tells you straight up: "He has the heart and courage to stand up for beliefs that are unpopular." Bill Russell? "Exceptionally smart, exceptionally principled, no boolshit." Conversely, in his autobiography Brown calls O. J. Simpson a "phony" and adds: "The Juice likes to pretend he's modest, but that's just the Juice being the Juice. O.J. is extremely smart, man knows how to make a buck, and his 'aw shucks' image is his meal ticket. He's not about to jeopardize it by being honest." And: "I never look at him the way I do a Bill Russell, or a Walter Payton. I talk to those guys, see them speak, I know what I'm hearing is the real man. Too often, I can't say the same about O.J." The book was published five years ago.
Today, just down the hill, lies the circus, Los Angeles, a scary riot of Simpson hearings and Menendez shootings and King beatings—an apocalyptic place of fire, earthquake, mudslide, and pestilence that only four decades ago was an Eden to Walter O'Malley. But up here at the Brown residence, all appears to be placid and predictable simplicity. He has lived in the same house, driven the same car, had the same telephone number since 1968.
That was the spring when the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis. A framed portrait of King hangs in Brown's foyer. But nowhere on display in the house is a single personal memento of Brown's own varied careers—as a football superstar, as a film actor, as an activist in what he calls "the movement for dignity, equality, and justice."
Toward that end Brown has opened his immaculate home through the years to an astonishing cross section of humanity. Recently, Brown says, former secretary of housing and urban development Jack Kemp and the head of the Nation of Islam shared the couch on which we now sit. "I can have Louis Farrakhan here, you, fifteen Jews," he says. "It don't make no damn difference."
Never has. As a child he was thrown in with all races and generations, almost from the time his father, Swinton (Sweet Sue) Brown, a fighter and a gambler, abandoned him at birth. Jim Brown was raised by his great-grandmother, whom he called Mama, on St. Simons Island, off the coast of Georgia. He went to school in a segregated, two-room shack, went to the toilet in the backyard. When he was eight, Mama gave him a box lunch, buttoned him up, and put him on a train for Manhasset, New York, where his mother worked as a domestic. In that white and wealthy community Jim Brown became an athletic prodigy. At Manhasset High he was a kind of ward to a group of white professional men, doctors and lawyers and teachers, who demanded that he study and run for student government.
"Without Manhasset, without Dr. Collins and Ken Molloy and Mr. Dawson and Ed Walsh, it would've been impossible," Brown says of his remarkable existence. "These people actually saved my life, man. I would never, ever have been anything without them. And it was so pure. If kids can see honesty and interest from people of that age, that's what builds, man. So you can't fool me with all of the other boolshit, 'cause I've got an example for the rest of my life. You wanna see what goodness is? I look at those people. I know what love is. I know what patience is. I know what consistency is. I know what honesty is."
Ken Molloy was a Manhasset attorney and a former Syracuse lacrosse player who insisted that Brown select Syracuse over the dozens of schools that were recruiting him for football, basketball, and baseball. It was only after Brown arrived on campus, housed in a different dorm from the rest of the football team, eating on a different meal plan, that he first fully encountered discrimination. It made him miserable in that freshman year of 1953–54.
You have asked Jim Brown to look at his remarkable life. You are seated in his living room, which overlooks the pool, which overlooks the yard, which overlooks Los Angeles. You have come to take in the view: of race, celebrity, the real world, and the star athlete's obligations therein these last four decades. Brown has seemingly lived every issue in sport and society since he left home for Syracuse so long ago. He continues to work in places like South Central and San Quentin. You ask Jim Brown to assess this public life he entered forty years ago, and he says, "I am oh, so tired."
Just before 1 P.M. on May 17, 1954, the chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States began to read the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Legal segregation was ending. In Harlem that year Malcolm X was appointed the leader of Temple Seven for the Nation of Islam. And across the river in the Bronx, the great New York Yankees of Mantle and Berra and Stengel had still not dressed a black player.
"I came up at the crossroads of segregation," says Brown. "There were still colleges where black players couldn't play. There were teams that would go south and black players had to stay in private homes. These were very difficult times. It was a blessing on the one hand because there were opportunities, but it was demeaning because you were still looked on as inferior. It was almost as if you'd been given a favor. And you always felt you had to perform much, much better."
And so Jimmy Brown, the only black on the freshman football team at Syracuse, went from fifth-string halfback to the best player in the nation in his four years of playing for a coaching staff that—save for an assistant named Roy Simmons—initially begrudged his presence there.
By the time Brown graduated in 1957, Syracuse was eager to recruit black halfback Ernie Davis and then Floyd Little, both of whom wore Brown's number 44.
Syracuse won a national football championship in 1959 and now regularly fills that dome named for Willis H. Carrier, and much of that is directly attributable to the heroics of James Nathaniel Brown. It is more indirectly attributable to Simmons, the kind assistant football and head lacrosse coach who took Brown under his wing; with Simmons's guidance, Brown used his spare time to become, many would say, the greatest lacrosse player in history before going on to do the same, many more would say, in football.
Jim Brown scored thirty-eight points a game as a high school basketball player. He was drafted by the Syracuse Nationals of the NBA in 1957 even though he had stopped playing basketball after his junior season in college. He received a letter of inquiry from the great Stengel of the Yankees—even though, by Brown's own admission, "I wasn't that good."
On his final day as an athlete at Syracuse, Brown won the discus and shot put in a varsity track meet, returned to the dressing room to change for a lacrosse match, and was called back to the track by a student manager. Could he throw the javelin? Brown threw the javelin 162 feet on one attempt. Syracuse won the meet.
The man belonged to a higher species. Jim Brown was built like a martini glass, with a 46–inch chest and a 32–inch waist; he was an exceptionally fast man who looked slow in motion on the football field: gracefully slow, a man running in a swimming pool.
Pulling out of his stance and bursting through the line, he accumulated would-be tacklers, men hopping a moving train, until he slowed and finally collapsed eight or ten or twelve yards upfield, buried beneath a short ton of violent giants. One didn't really try to tackle Brown; one tried only to catch him, as one catches the 8:05. "All you can do is grab hold, hang on, and wait for help" is how Hall of Fame linebacker Sam Huff put it.
Brown rose slowly from the scrum after every carry and hobbled back to the huddle in apparent pain before bursting through the scrimmage line on the next play for another eight or ten or twelve yards. This was the earliest hint of Brown's acting aspirations, for he wasn't really hurt, or at least not hampered. No, in his entire nine-year professional career, he never missed a game. He played all of the 1962 season with a severely sprained wrist just this side of broken. He did not wear hip pads, ever. And so it finally became apparent to opposing defenses that Brown wasn't ever going to be hurt by conventional malevolence.
He was simply that rarest kind of competitor, who made men and women gape, whose performances each Sunday displayed the pure athlete in his prime. Jim Brown is why we love sports in the first place, the reason we tolerate the big dough, the crybabies, the boolshit.
He joined the Cleveland Browns in 1957, a year before pro football came of age with the Baltimore Colt–New York Giant overtime championship game. His coach, the progressive Paul Brown, just gave him the ball and let him run, which is all Jim Brown really wanted. "But you could never just play and not be cognizant of the social situation in the country," he says. "Every day of your life, that was in your mind. You had to question why they only put black players at certain positions, why there were positions that blacks weren't smart enough to play. They had a whole bunch of rules. You always had an even number of blacks on the team so they could room with each other. You always had six or eight. You couldn't have … five." Brown laughs, then immediately turns stern.
"So I was very conscious of the civil rights movement," he continues, "and very active in what I call the movement for dignity, equality, and justice. In fact, it superseded my interest in sports. Sports gave me an opportunity to help the cause. And so I did that."
He made certain that his black teammates wore suits and ties, urged them to be fiscally responsible, and saw to it that they were at all times protective of their own dignity. Whenever Brown uses the word, as he does often, he says it slowly, carefully enunciating all three syllables: DIG-ni-ty.
In the mid-1960s he enjoyed trolling the black community of Cleveland in his Cadillac convertible or walking the streets of Philadelphia with the former Cassius Clay, greeting the people in barbershops and record stores, the two greatest athletes of their time just saying hello to folks, their very presence bestowing DIGni-ty on a depressed and unsuspecting neighborhood.
The night Clay beat Sonny Liston in Miami for the heavyweight championship in 1964, Brown sat with him for two hours afterward in Clay's hotel, with Malcolm X waiting in the next room, as Cassius confided to Brown that he had embraced Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam and had taken the name Muhammad Ali.
Brown was in London two years later, filming The Dirty Dozen, when Ali refused induction into the U.S. Army. "A Muslim who was managing Ali told me that they wouldn't mind him going into the service," recalls Brown, "but they couldn't tell him that." So Brown flew to Cleveland, where a group of fellow black athletes were gathering to hear Ali out in a much-publicized summit meeting. Brown, Lew Alcindor, Willie Davis, Bill Russell, and John Wooten listened as Ali said, "My fate is in the hands of Allah." The group then announced support for their friend, whose religious convictions were all they had to hear… .
The story continues, but Brown cannot be heard over the whine of a weed whacker, wielded by a man trimming the lawn out back. "See that man right there?" Brown asks when the noise recedes. "He's a gardener, and he's one of the best men I've ever met. I respect that man as much as I respect anyone. He does his job. He's fair. He doesn't complain. He's considerate. He's a family man. He's got principles."
The weed whacker is wailing again, but no matter. You already know how the Ali story ends: Brown flies back to London from Cleveland, never to return to football. In nine seasons he had gained a record 12,312 yards and won a championship. He got out at his peak, just before the epochal 1966 season, just before the NFLAFL merger and the Super Bowl and the hype. His final salary in football was $65,000.
The Dirty Dozen established Brown as an actor. And while Gloria Steinem called him "the black John Wayne," his thespian talents were better described by Lee Marvin, who said that Brown was "a better actor than Olivier would have been a fullback."
Brown always played the same character, essentially himself; even the names didn't change much: Fireball, Slaughter, Gunn, Hammer, Pike. After five years the industry tired of Brown, and Brown tired of the industry—"I began to wonder," he says. "Do I have to be called 'nigger' in every script?"—and he fell back on the work he'd been doing all along.
In the late 1960s the Ford Foundation had given more than a million dollars to the Black Economic Union (BEU), an organization that Brown had helped form to promote black entrepreneurship through a network of athletes and MBAs. More than four hundred businesses were touched by the union, whose motto is splayed across the top of a battered newsletter that Brown fishes from a file in his den: PRODUCE, ACHIEVE, PROSPER, declares volume one, number one of the publication, dated April 1968. Among the items inside is a photograph of eight black high school students in Cleveland. The BEU would be funding their college educations, much as those men in Manhasset had done for Brown fifteen years before.
"It's only a drop," says Brown, suddenly putting away the file, "because what's happened is, there has been no follow-through with black athletes today."
"If I had the participation of the top twenty athletes in this country, we could probably create a nationwide gang truce," Brown is telling you, as well as a professor from the University of Iowa who is visiting Brown's house while researching a book on gangs. "These athletes represent such a great amount of resources and influence. These kids would be flattered to have their lives changed by them."
It may be little more than an accident of geography, but a trip to Brown's hillside home, up the winding drive that requires one to climb and climb, has the quality of a visit to some mountaintop guru, a man offering solutions to intractable problems. And among the most intractable of those problems—a fly in the rich soup du jour of sports and TV and money—is the notion that sports is now eating its young.
"You give the kids athletes to follow, and you give them false hope," Brown is saying. "You take the emphasis off just being a good student, getting a job and having a family. Instead, it's 'I want to be Michael Jordan. I want to have those shoes.' Kids in this area also look to the drug dealer, the gangster, the killer as a hero, which is something we didn't used to have. So these are the two sets of heroes, and both of them are bad."
Which is something we didn't used to have. Ask Brown what happened in the 1970s and '80s to create these problems, and he'll tell you it was the 1970s and '80s themselves. The seventies, the Me Decade, the Decade of Free Agency, and the eighties, with its alliterative icons, Michael Milken and Gordon Gekko, and its alliterative mantra "Greed is good." Back-to-back decades of decadence.
"The rich got richer, didn't they?" Brown says. "Well, who suffered? If you've got all the money, I'm gonna suffer. When executives are paying themselves five hundred million dollars, that's tyin' up a lotta dough. Take anything to an extreme, it will self-destruct. That's why the destruction of the Soviet Union was inevitable… . And this country has festered, there's an underbelly. Prisons are overcrowded, recidivism is at an all-time high, the education system is going downhill, there's this new culture of drugs and gangsters and killing without any thought. Kids are shooting each other at thirteen and fourteen, and all of a sudden it's not gonna stay in the inner city."
As if on cue, a thirteen-year-old boy from Brown's neighborhood appears at the front door. Brown says hello, asks the boy how his father has been, asks him where his mother is, then lowers the boom. "I heard you got a beeper now. You got a beeper?" he asks the kid, referring to the new totem of the urban street criminal.
The boy nods shyly.
"For what?" demands Brown.
"Messages."
"Messages? What do you need messages for?"
By now two other kids have arrived with a parent, and the whole group walks through the open house and out back to the pool. Brown sighs tremendously, and it sounds like the air brakes decompressing on a city bus.
"The other culture's taken over," he says. "The gangsta culture. Everything is gangsta rap, the gangsta attitude, gangsta body language. Car-jackings. Drive-bys. Red, blue, Disciples. Snoop Doggy Dogg has more influence on kids than Bill Clinton does." Brown yawns enormously, like the MGM lion.
"So the teacher no longer gets any respect," he continues. "The teacher used to get respect. Athletic programs on the lower levels no longer have an effect on the general populace of schools. It used to be that athletic activity was healthy. You played, but you weren't playing to become a pro. Now, if you don't have pro potential, sports are a waste of time. Agents are now looking down to high schools to find potential prospects. So it's no longer fun. Even the Olympics are no longer fun.
"When I was playing, you weren't gonna make a whole lotta money. But you were playing the game, and playing the game at the highest possible level. And you liked that. That's why the greatest sporting event I see today is the Ryder Cup. It's about nothing except caring about competition. You can see that it means something to those guys. You can see them choking on short putts, it means so much. I don't see that in other sports.
"Now, money, period, has become the game. So the game suffers. An individual will go anywhere. The day after a team wins the World Series, the team is changed. Sure you gotta make money, but how much money, and at what cost? A person couldn't buy my house right now for any amount of money. Because it's my home. I'm comfortable here. Quality of life is what's most important."
This much is certain: By 1994 too many athletes, teams, entire franchises have long forgotten the concept of home, and too many children have never known it. As the millennium nears its end, home is just that place where you pause and pose after hitting a baseball out of the park.
"When I was growing up in Georgia, I guess we were supposed to be poor," Brown says. "But we weren't poor. We had all the crab and fish and vegetables that we could eat. The house was small and weather-beaten, but hell, I lived well. Because there was so much family there, a whole community of people who cared about each other. See, that was my foundation. I'd hate to have to come up without that."
And so, in places like Trenton and Canton and Compton, Brown teaches rudimentary life skills to gang members and soon-to-be-released convicts through his Amer-I-Can program. He directs a staff of fifty street-credentialed "facilitators," who help people learn to do things like read and get a job and manage their personal finances—which isn't to say that Brown's role is hands-off.
A visitor to one symposium on gangs in Brown's home tells the story of a punk who kept disrupting the host's efforts to establish a dialogue. After Brown repeatedly asked the young man to excuse himself, the young man challenged Brown to step outside with him. Well, Brown and the gang-banger wound up rolling out the back door in a comic-book ball of dust. Shortly thereafter they reappeared and shook hands, and the meeting resumed.
One of Brown's charges—"one of my gangsters," as Brown calls them—recently got out of his gang, got a job, and got married. The wedding was held at Brown's house.
O. J. Simpson was himself a gang member made good. He now stands charged with double homicide, having been cheered by "fans" on live television while fleeing police on the L.A. freeways. It's said we like to build our stars up just to tear them down, and in fin de siècle California, the state may deem it necessary to execute one of the greatest athletic stars it has produced. When Simpson was charged in June, Brown unbecomingly appeared on national TV to offer the opinion that Simpson was a cocaine user. In football they call what Brown did "piling on."
They are both former running backs and actors who make their homes ten miles apart in Los Angeles. Simpson eclipsed Brown's single-season NFL rushing record in 1973. Both men have histories of domestic-violence allegations. The Los Angeles Police Department has released tapes of a 911 call that Nicole Brown Simpson made when her enraged ex-husband broke down a door to her home and entered, screaming obscenities. Brown has been accused at least four times of violence against young women, most notably in 1968, when he was accused of throwing his girlfriend from a balcony. None of the charges were proved in court, and Brown denies them all. "I like sex… . I mess with young women," he says. "I know it's bad, but I'm bad."
Riinnnnnngg. An end-table telephone springs to life.
"Hello?" says Brown. "Mm-hmm? Oh, I'm sorry, but I'm finished. Yeah, I can't explain anything anymore. Well, I'm so sorry, but I can't. Mm-hmm … I wish I could… . No, I don't have anything to say… . Yeah, but I'm not interested in all that. I've said my piece, and I'm gonna let that roll. I'm gonna watch and see what happens. See, the public has to get educated. I'm already educated. I know what's goin' on. I deal with real life. I don't get into things that I don't know about. But thank you. Thanks for calling."
Yet another caller asking Brown to handicap the upcoming Simpson preliminary hearing? "Yeah, because I brought the whole cocaine thing up," says a weary Brown, who claims somewhat dubiously that he was just trying to bolster an insanity plea, that cocaine could provide a devil-made-me-do-it defense for Simpson. "They criticize me. They say I'm against O.J. I'm for him. I'm for truth. You and me and O.J., we all have our negatives and our positives. I know this is America and we like to have our heroes, but hell, Martin Luther King screwing around—people are still in denial about that. The Kennedys, Bobby and John, they womanized. I look at the good and at the bad. Do I like a lot of women? Hell, yeah. What bothers me is when people hold on to the falseness of something.
"Did you hear the [911] tapes?" he asks, by way of explaining why he has no interest in the elaborate pas de deux of the courtroom. "There's this whole emphasis on who leaked the tapes, not on the truth, not on whatever is real, not on resolving this in a real manner. Everyone is interested in the courtroom and what happens there. Well, hell, all kinds of crazy things can happen in the courtroom, and this is not necessarily going to get resolved.
"I looked at the Rodney King beating and said he got the crap kicked out of him, and I don't care what you say, I'm finished with it," says Brown. "But they turned all that around in court." Brown laughs. "Y'all can go on and talk all that boolshit. I saw the beating. That thing was ridiculous." Brown's laugh gains momentum, a ball rolling slowly downhill. "Those guys suckered that case so bad, they got everyone in doubt." Brown imitates himself watching the King tape on TV, stroking his chin reflectively: "Well, maybe he didn't get beaten … "
And Jim Brown sputters one more tired laugh.
Ask him how he will be remembered, and Brown offers his own epitaph. It isn't much. "On the popular level, they'll say, 'He was a football player. Controversial. Threw a girl out the window.' I don't care. Maybe they'll say, 'He was honest.'"
But he does care, all of us do, and so Brown tells one final story. When his friend Huey Newton, the former Black Panther leader, was shot to death on an Oakland street in 1989, Brown was asked to read a memorial poem at the funeral. Standing at the podium, Brown had a look at the faces sprouting from the pews: H. Rap Brown, William Kunstler, a whole team photo of sixties revolutionaries. He had an epiphany: "That these people were just like me," Brown recalls. "Different methodologies, but the same goal: to make this a better country."
His body creaks massively as he rises from the sofa and says goodbye. As you're leaving, as you approach the drawing of MLK in the foyer, you sense again that little has changed in this house since 1968. There is one thing, though. "I'm stiff," you hear Brown saying, with a laugh, as you exit the room. "I'm gettin' old."
And then Jim Brown heads for the patio, still looking for daylight.
CHAPTER FIVE
In a painting, there's a spot at which the parallel lines—a river or a ribbon of road—appear to converge. Artists call this the vanishing point, that place in a drawing where things seem to disappear into the distance, often creating the illusion of a horizon. And so I find myself at the vanishing point of this story. I am standing, atremble, before the largest shopping mall in America. This is the horizon. All lines converge here.
So vast is the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, that the area in which I've parked is labeled P5–WEST-BLUE-NEVADA-D-6, a mantra I have desperately repeated since abandoning my rental car in the world's largest parking complex. Even by itself this would be the consummate postwar American dream: the thirteen-thousand-car garage. But the aptly named Mall of America says so much more than that about the desires of modern society.
The Megamall, as it is known locally, is built on seventy-eight acres and occupies 4.2 million square feet, but publicists prefer more grandiose international imagery to convey its knee-weakening scope. The mall, therefore, could comfortably contain all the gardens of Buckingham Palace, is five times larger than Red Square, and contains twice the steel of the Eiffel Tower. Most telling of all, it is twenty times larger than St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. For its visitors, who have come from virtually every country in the world and number a hundred thousand a day on average, the Mall of America is indeed the One True Church.
Mind-boggling sports analogies have also been employed to describe this edifice. "Seven times the size of Yankee Stadium," said the New York Times, adding that it has "88 football fields worth of [floor] space." Such comparisons are especially apt at the Mall of America, which was built on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium, longtime home of the Minnesota Twins and the Minnesota Vikings. In 1982 the teams moved from the Met to the Metrodome in downtown Minneapolis. Ten summers later the mall opened, constructed as a square donut, at the center of which is an indoor, seven-acre amusement park called Knott's Camp Snoopy.
In the northwest corner of Camp Snoopy, embedded in the faux-stone floor, is a five-sided plaque that evokes home plate at the Met. In fact, it more closely resembles a tombstone, bearing as it does the legend METROPOLITAN STADIUM HOME PLATE 1956–1981. Five hundred and twenty feet away, in the southeast corner of the amusement park, affixed to a wall three stories above the floor, is a fold-down seat, looking down like a lifeguard's chair. The seat is in the approximate spot where Harmon Killebrew deposited the Met's most prodigious dinger, on June 3, 1967. If Killebrew were to hit the home run today, it would carom off Hooters.
Next to the Megamall lies the derelict rust-hulk of Met Center, erstwhile home of the Minnesota North Stars, who now play in Dallas—a hockey team in the buckle of the Sun Belt. Minneapolis officials, in the wake of the Stars' departure, are trying to lure another NHL team to the gleaming downtown arena in which the NBA Timberwolves now play. In June the NBA denied the Wolves permission to move to New Orleans, where they would have been owned, in part, by a Houston attorney named Fred Hofheinz. You will recall that he is the son of the Judge, who built the Astrodome, which spawned the Metrodome, to which the Twins and Vikings moved, thus clearing property for … the Mall of America.
Of course, before building the Astrodome, the Judge had planned to build an air-conditioned shopping mall on Westheimer Road in Houston. Instead he sold that property, which was developed in 1970 as the Galleria, a mall that thrives to this day with what once seemed a wonderful novelty: an indoor ice-skating rink at its center. The Mall of America, meanwhile, was developed in part by brothers Mel and Herb Simon, owners of the Indiana Pacers, late of the American Basketball Association, the first rebel league of Gary Davidson.
In America's Original Sports Bar, on the Megamall's fourth level, patrons watch games on the fifty-five televisions that pull in action from around the planet. But the most telling snapshots of sports and society today are to be seen in the Megamall's more than four hundred stores: in Kids Foot Locker and Lady Foot Locker and World Foot Locker, in Footaction USA and the Athlete's Foot and Athletic X-Press, in Sports Tyme and Team Spirit and the Sportsman's Wife, in No Contest and Golf for Her and Mac Birdie Golf Gifts, in Big Leagues and Going to the Game and Wild Pitch. A friend once counted nearly two dozen Megamall stores in which one can purchase a Starter jacket. There are, meanwhile, two bookstores in the place.
In sports-addled ancient Greece, citizens created the agora, the marketplace as a center for social exchange. Socrates said, "Having the fewest wants, I am nearest to the gods." In sports-addled postwar America, citizens created the shopping mall, the marketplace as a center for naked commerce. Social exchange? An official Mall of America T-shirt reads SHUT UP & SHOP.
It is fitting, and perhaps inevitable, that last winter's most unrelenting sports story unfolded each day from a shopping mall in America. For what are big-time sports today if not a boundless marketplace? And so there was Tonya Harding, week after stupefying week, blithely turning triple axels for the television cameras on a skating rink at the Clackamas Town Center mall in Portland. She was preparing for the Olympic Games, another invention of the ancient Greeks, suitably adapted for our times.
"Who told you you can't have it all?" So goes a lyric from the Mall of America theme song, voicing a notion as unmistakably American as the mall itself. "In our collective discourse," writes David Guterson in Harper's, "the shopping mall appears with the tract house, the freeway, and the backyard barbecue as a product of the American postwar years, a testament to contemporary necessities and desires and an invention not only peculiarly American but peculiarly of our own era too."
It was, fittingly, a man named Victor who developed America's first fully enclosed shopping complex, vanquishing the suburban landscape of Edina, Minnesota, in 1956. Southdale, as it is named, remains a staggering success four decades later, apparently unfazed by the Mall of America, a mere ten-minute drive to the east.
Victor Gruen's creation was quickly loosed on other inclement cities. The modest Gulfgate soon went up in Houston, and Judge Roy Hofheinz was thus inspired to explore the limits of air-conditioning for his own gargantuan mall.
Come 1960, when the Judge was newly smitten by sports and Roone Arledge was arriving at ABC, Melvin Simon and Associates, Inc., built its first shopping center, Southgate Plaza, in Bloomington, Indiana. Today the firm's $625 million megamall is the third-largest tourist attraction in America—at least according to the mall's own press kit, which claims that only Disney World and the country-music capital of Branson, Missouri, are more visited.
And yet, far more than Mickey Mouse or Mickey Gilley, it is the mall that is emblematic of our age: from the thirteen-year-old girl who went into labor here to the trailer-park marriages performed at the Chapel of Love on Level 2 to this now familiar little postwar irony: the Mall of America was financed by the Mitsubishi Bank of Japan.
Distinctly of our time and place, the Megamall is also entirely otherworldly. While strolling about the mall's four levels, I fall in behind two businessmen, one of whom produces a bleating cellular phone from his jacket. "If it's for me," says the other guy, "tell them I'm not here." In fact, no one is here, because here is … nowhere, a place of perpetual seventy-degree days and hospital cleanliness, a self-contained city that serves all needs, but one in which only Willis H. Carrier could feel comfortable.
At the same time the mall is … everywhere, with its fourteen-plex of movie theaters and its Cholest-o-Plex of fast-food counters. In the Mall of America, as in the United States of America, there is the ubiquitous Raider cap on every head, a pair of Nikes in every store window, and the presence of professional athletes everywhere—in person, on packages, in electronic pictures. They wink as we walk past, and whisper, "Who told you you can't have it all?"
It is National Fragrance Week at the Megamall, and promotional literature promises six days "filled with activities designed to stimulate your nose." There is, for example, a Smelling Bee for children. And at Bloomingdale's, "Michelle McGann, top-ranked LPGA player, will host a breakfast and speak about what fragrance means to her."
I follow my nose to Oshman's Super Sports USA, a sporting-goods concern so breathtakingly vast that one hardly notices the basketball court, the racquetball court, the batting cage, or the archery range on its premises. Not far away, the eleven-thousand-square-foot World Foot Locker is tiny by comparison. Every NFL, NBA, NHL, and Major League Baseball jersey is available here. World Cup jerseys are on display. Every icon of international sports appears to be represented. "We sold a lot of Astros caps this spring," general manager Dan Peterson tells me. "The Brewers, the Tigers—just about any team with a new logo sells pretty well." Which is why teams now change logos like they're changing pitchers? "Yes," agrees the affable Peterson, who is attired in a referee's shirt.
On display at Field of Dreams, a sports-memorabilia store, is the cover of SI's thirty-fifth-anniversary issue. Framed—and autographed in the enfeebled hand of Muhammad Ali—the cover can be yours for $149. A 1954 Topps Hank Aaron baseball card from his (and our) rookie year goes for $900. This same week, on a home-shopping channel, I have seen Stan Musial peddling his signature for $299.95, "or three monthly payments of $99.98." Children once got Musial's signature on a game program. Now they get it on the installment plan.
An Orlando Magic jersey signed by Shaquille O'Neal is available for $595 at Field of Dreams. I want to ask the manager how many of those the store sells, but I am reminded of the advice proffered by the Mall's T-shirt: SHUT UP & SHOP. The shirt sells, if you're interested, for $14.95.
Beneath the fronds of a potted palm, a doleful black man waits on a bench. His is the hundred-yard stare of the Mall Widower, a man whose wife was swallowed by Macy's much as sailors are claimed by the sea. The mall has a two-story miniature golf course to alleviate the Widower's ennui, but this potbellied man is a good mile away from Golf Mountain. And so he waits, in his replica NFL jersey, a three-quarters-sleeve Cleveland Browns shirt of a 1960s vintage. The number on his chest, naturally, is 32.
This corpulent Jim Brown reminds me of the corporeal Jim Brown, who would probably not be surprised to learn that six months after the Megamall opened, gunplay crackled in Camp Snoopy and three people were wounded in a struggle for a San Jose Shark jacket. This was an address on the appalling state of society, to be sure, but the shots were more than that. They were literally a ringing endorsement, a one-gun salute to the San Jose Sharks and the wild, worldwide popularity of their logo.
I am reminded of the fact that this hockey team in San Jose is a direct descendant of Gary Davidson. So is the hockey team in Orange County, California. The Anaheim Mighty Ducks are the first postmodern pro sports franchise, a mere merchandising venture owned by Disney, a logical line extension derived from a film. And as the Pepsi Ripsaw roller coaster ratchets up a hill overhead, I am further reminded that The Mighty Ducks sequel was filmed, in part, here, in Camp Snoopy.
A columnist once described Davidson as "always eager to meet the demand for something nobody asked for," and it occurs to me now that the same might be said for the Megamall. You can buy a synthetic human skeleton here or a sign that reads PARKING FOR LITHUANIANS ONLY or the children's book Everyone Poops. In this state of reverie I find my reflection in a beer at America's Original Sports Bar, twenty thousand square feet of tavern, fifty-five televisions flickering like lightning through windows at night. As ESPN parcels out the evening's highlights, I recall something Roone Arledge said as we sat in his network office. "It used to be common practice in tennis that if a tough call went against your opponent, you hit the ball into the net on the next point if you were a gentleman," he had said. "You didn't want to win because of a bad call. I can't conceive of a top tennis player doing that today. Could you see McEnroe? Connors? Andre Agassi?"
And while watching SportsCenter, I cannot conceive of a player today hitting a home run and running the bases with his head down. Or imagine a halfback simply handing the ball to an official after a touchdown. Why would a man merely lay the ball off the glass when he could dunk on some fool and then bark into the baseline camera, sure, like Narcissus, to see his own reflection on the cable network that night?
Only a few weeks have passed since Chicago Bull captain Scottie Pippen refused to enter a playoff game when his coach designed a play giving someone else the last-second shot. Pride and insecurity, the prospect of embarrassment, and the perception of disrespect. It is why children shoot children for their Shark jackets; it is why Derrick Coleman turns down a $69 million contract offer from the New Jersey Nets; it is why Barry Bonds demands the same obsequious deference given to the supernovas of the movie and music industries. As Agassi says in a famous TV commercial, "Image is everything."
All of which makes it devilishly tempting in 1994 to look beyond the beauty of athletic competition and see only the off-putting backdrop of marketing and money, money in amounts unimagined in 1954. "Everyone is more interested in money in most cases than they are in sport," Arledge said. "And a lot of fun has gone out of it. The original motivation a lot of us had for wanting to be a part of sports—that no longer exists." Pause. Sigh. "On the other hand, the level of performance is so high today, who could have ever imagined that?" And it became clear as he talked enthusiastically about the Stanley Cup playoffs that the harried Arledge hadn't shaken sports at all, and couldn't if he wanted to. "I'm so happy to see him talking about sports again," his assistant said while ushering me out. "I really think he misses it."
Cynicism is a sine qua non of modern citizenship, and as I continue pacing the Megamall's terrazzo floors, past the Carolina Panther beach towel beckoning from the window of Linens 'n Things, I am given to seeing sports only as the multinational business that it is. Then I think of the unfailingly upbeat baseball writer I know. He checked into a drafty old hotel in Cleveland at three o'clock in the morning a few years ago, preparing to cover the miserable Indians that afternoon. "Business or pleasure?" the desk clerk asked him, and the scribe was forced point-blank to describe the sports industry. "Business," the writer finally said, smiling, "but it's a pleasure."
Sports are a swirl-cone mix of capitalism and entertainment (it occurs to me at Freshens Yogurt), and forty years after the Army-McCarthy hearings, fourteen years after Lake Placid, four years into the post-Soviet nineties, America remains the world's leading exporter of both commodities. Ray Charles opened the Mall of America by singing a single song: "America, the Beautiful." His rendition raised gooseflesh. His reported fee for doing so was $50,000.
America, the beautiful, indeed.
They stand as twin towers of postwar American ingenuity—the fast-food emporium and the suburban shopping mall—and the two concepts are conjoined in connubial bliss in a Mall of America food court, where I am ingesting a Pepsi-Cola: "The Official Soft Drink of the Mall of America," the press kit reads. "2.6 million cups served in 1993." My "cup" is roughly the size of a nuclear-waste drum.
Pensively sipping, I cannot help but recall the two Pepsi spokespeople I had seen a day earlier, two tall-drink celebrities conversing on MTV. Orlando Magic center Shaquille O'Neal was sitting for an interview with supermodel-journalist Cindy Crawford. Shaq was demonstrating the different smiles he will rent to interested advertisers. "This is the 2.9," he began. And though a small fissure appeared across his face, Shaq was speaking not in Richter-scale figures but in millions of dollars. "This is the 5.3," he continued, grinning amiably. "And this is the 8.9." O'Neal beamed enthusiastically.
"And if somebody offered you twenty million dollars?" asked Crawford.
A ridiculous smile-for-hire engulfed O'Neal's head; he held the pose, a ghoulish grinning Shaq-o'-lantern.
You can't spell Shaquille without the letters S-H-I-L-L. Stoked by this realization, I take a stroll, attempting to count the stores in which one can purchase an item bearing the euphonious name of the seven-foot spokescenter. When the toll hits nineteen (stores, not items), I realize the laughable inadequacy of my count. I have not looked in video-game stores or in department stores. A pasty fat boy wearing an O'Neal road jersey pads past me in Shaq Attaq shoes by Reebok. I have even neglected, somehow, to count the shoe stores.
How could I have forgotten? An unmistakable size-twenty Shaq shoe stands sentry in front of World Foot Locker. One cannot handle the autographed shoe, for it reposes under glass like the Star of India. What the shoe really is, is the star of Bethlehem, drawing mall-walking magi into the store. "Shaq," the manager needlessly informs me, "is quite popular."
In Babbage's, an electronics store, I ask the manager, "Is there a video game that Shaquille O'Neal—"
"The rumor is they're working on one," the guys says, anticipating my question. "Look for it the beginning of next season." I am given to understand that the much-awaited game will have a martial-arts mise-en-scène and that it will be called … Shaq-Fu!
Fu, Fi, Fo, Fum: Sam Goody stocks the rap album. Shaq Diesel, while allegedly unlistenable, is nevertheless available on cassette and compact disc. At Toy Works, I adore the Shaq action figures by Kenner. Shaq's film debut, Blue Chips, has come and gone at the movieplex. Shaq Attaq! and Shaq Impaq beckon from bookstores. Shaq-signature basketballs line the shelves at Oshman's. Field of Dreams stocks wood-mounted photos of O'Neal: Shaq-on-a-Plaque. I stagger to the Coffee Beanery, Ltd., looking for Swiss Shaqolate Mocha, vacuum-Shaq-Packed in a foil Shaq-Sack. The mall's walls are closing in. T-shirts seem to be telling me to SHUT UP & SHAQ.
In addition to harvesting these golden eggs, Shaquille O'Neal is paid $48,000 per game to play a fearsome brand of basketball in Orlando. Fifteen thousand fans happily pay to watch him do so forty-one nights a year. He may yet revolutionize the game. Who told you you can't have it all?
"You can't have everything," comedian George Carlin likes to say. "Where would you put it?" It appears they've put everything here, in Champs Sports. Surrounded by officially licensed merchandise, seated in a director's chair embossed with a Mighty Duck, thirty-two televisions arrayed before me and each one of them playing NBA highlights, I rest my Niked feet at last.
For weeks I've been wondering how we got here in sports—from primitive to prime time, from the invention of the wheel to the invention of Shaquille—without ever pausing to ask, "Where are we, anyway?" Yet the information kiosks at the Mall of America make it perfectly clear. "You Are Here," all the map arrows say. "You Are Here."
(August 16, 1994)
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