Preface
xi "gentlemen of honour, family, and fortune." Gist Papers, Roll 1, Maryland Historical Society (MHS). The papers were microfilmed, and the author has complete copies of all the microfilm rolls and spent hundreds of hours reviewing them. To appeal to a large readership, the author decided to use the term "Patriots" versus "Whigs" for Americans who advocated independence. Although patriots existed on both sides, depending on your point of view, the book does closely examine the nature of the conflict as both a revolution and a civil war. Please see the "Sources" section of the book for a description of the first time the author encountered the sign regarding the Marylanders' mass grave and his motivtion for writing the book.
xii "Close up! Close up!" Henry Whittemore, Heroes of the American Revolution and Their Descendants: Battle of Long Island (Brooklyn, NY: Heroes of the Revolution Publishing Co., 1897), Preface.
xii "[continued] pouring the… of hail." Joseph Plumb Martin, Private Yankee Doodle: Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier (Jamestown, VA: Eastern Acorn Press, 1962), 26.
xii "the flower of… to atoms." Walt Whitman, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, August 27, 1846.
xii "closed their ranks over… the foe." Thomas Field, The Battle of Long Island (New York: Long Island Historical Society, 1869), 201.
xii "Good God! What… day lose!" Maryland Gazette Collection, Maryland State Archives (MSA) SC 2731 January 9, 1772–September 10, 1779 M 1282
xiii The Immortals or the Maryland 400. The number of Marylanders killed and captured remains a mystery and in dispute. Some historians believe that more than 100 men were captured and 256 killed to come to the figure 400.
xiii "an hour, more… its history." John Thomas Scharf, History of Maryland, 1765–1812 (Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press, 1879), 247.
Chapter 1: "Gentlemen of Honour,
Family, and Fortune"
3 "infinitely, the dirtiest place I was ever in." David Hackett Fischer, Washington's Crossing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 143.
3 "the Damndest Hole in the World." Ibid.
3 Biographical detail on Mordecai Gist from "Mordecai Gist," Maryland State Archives (MSA SC 3520-15852).
3 "frank and genial manner." Ibid.
4 "a company composed… of humanity." Gist Papers, MHS.
4 "by all the Sacred… and Country." Articles of Incorporation, Gist Papers, MHS; Maryland Historical Magazine, 4 (1909): 372–74.
5 "We, the Baltimore… Continental Congress." Baltimore Independent Cadets, Articles of Incorporation, Maryland State Archives (MSA).
5 "contrary to the true… this Engagement." Ibid.
7 "The arrangement essentially… the Crown." M. Christopher New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution (Centreville, MD: Tidewater, 1996), 4.
9 "a Uniform Suit… half Boote." Papers of Mordecai Gist, MHS, Roll 1 microfilm.
9 "for the defense of the state." The colonies didn't officially become states until July 4, 1776. However, for the purposes of this book, the terms state and colony are used interchangeably.
10 "You are to be drawn… four quarters." James R. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory: Washington, Lafayette, and Their Revolutions (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 44.
11 "About three hundred… Twenty thousand." Mordecai Gist Papers, MHS; Gist Letterbook, Meyers Collection, New York Public Library.
Chapter 2: Smallwood's Battalion
and the Birth of an Army
12 Description of the Fountain Inn from Mary Ellen Hayward and Frank R. Shivers Jr., eds., The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 17.
12 "satisfaction in the appearance… and men." Scharf, History of Maryland, 72.
12 "May the town… an end." Ibid.
13 "a mixed multitude… every department." George Washington Papers, Library of Congress.
14 "He possessed the… great command." Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin Press, 2010), 185.
14 "at the expense of the Continent." John Adams to Elbridge Gerry, letter, June 18, 1775, in Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Edmund Cody Burnett, ed. (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1921), 135.
14 The Maryland Convention. Maryland's Whig or patriot government, was first called the Annapolis Convention and included all the counties of Maryland. In 1775, the Annapolis Convention was renamed the Assembly of Freemen.
14 "in the pay and for the defense." "William Browne," MSA, 18:4.
14–15 "of a battalion… of firearms." Maryland Convention 1776, Proceedings 1774–1776 (Baltimore, 1836), 94. The battalion also included a company of marines.
15 "encamp out among… or Tents." He complained, "We stand here exposed and remain in a most Defenceless state." R. Beall to Council, May 29, 1776, MSA, 11:452.
16 "Success alone is… Mordecai Gist." Gist to Robert Munford, October 24, 1775, Mordecai Gist Papers, MHS.
17–18 "There are a good… we have." "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, August 29, 1775 to July 6, 1776," Maryland State Archives (MSA), 11:212.
18 Biographical detail on Edward Veazey from Edward C. Papenfuse et al., A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635–1789, 2 vols. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979–1985); MSA, 426:851.
18 Biographical detail on Bryan Philpot Jr. from "Muster Rolls and Other Records of Service of Troops in the American Revolution, 1775–1783," Archives of Maryland 18.
18 Biographical detail on William Sterrett from "William Sterrett," MSA 3520-16728.
18 Biographical detail on James Fernandis from "James Fernandis," MSA SC 3520-16770.
18 Biographical detail on John Bantham from pension application of John Bantham. Pension applications are located at NARA (Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files), NARA M804, S 2806, 33, and accessed via microfilm or online at Fold3.com. We also consulted an excellent transcription at the Southern Campaigns Revolutionary War Pension Statements and Rosters transcribed and annotated by C. Leon Harris.
19 "have a very Respectable… this Town." Ewing to Smallwood, January 10, 1776, "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, August 29, 1775 to July 6, 1776," MSA, 11:95.
19 Age and height information from Muster Rolls from MSA.
19–20 Free African Americans also… remained enslaved. One document, "Return of Negros in the Army," provides a rough tally of African Americans serving in the American army. Smallwood's Battalion lists sixty men while Gist's 2nd Maryland lists thirty-five African Americans on the muster rolls.
20 Information about Daniel Brophy from Woolford to Council of Safety, March 25, 1776, MSA.
20 "man of magnificent… in battle." Whittemore, Heroes of the American Revolution, 62.
Chapter 3: Girding for War
22 "It was just… ineffective." Major General B. P. Hughes, Firepower: Weapons and Effective Use on the Battlefield, 1630–1850 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975), 26.
22 "Powder is not… four men." Maurice de Saxe, Reveries on the Art of War, trans. Gen. Thomas R. Phillips (London, 1757; reprint, Mineola, NY: Dover Publishing, 2007), 32.
22 "Mr. Keener… he comply'd." Ewing to Council of Safety, letter, February 12, 1776, MSA, 11:155.
22 "stamp'd all that prov'd good." Ibid.
22 "vile trash." R. Beall to Council of Safety, May 29, 1776, MSA, 11:452.
22 "of the guns which were in the hands of the minute Company." "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, August 29, 1775 to July 6, 1776," MSA, 11:212.
23 "very indifferent, indeed… worse one." Ibid., 11:221.
23 "very uneasy… with Cloaths." T. Smyth to Maryland Council of Safety, letter, April 9, 1776, MSA.
23 Biographical detail on Jack Steward from Francis R. Heitman, Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of Revolution (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1914), 467.
23 "You only live once." Steward Papers, MHS.
23 Information about gunpowder from James M. Potts, French Covert Action in the American Revolution (New York: iUniverse Inc., 2005), 33.
23 "take the most… the province." John E. Selby and Edward M. Riley, Dunmore (Williamsburg: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission, 1977), 55.
24 These efforts were… and arrows. Helen Augur, The Secret War of Independence (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1955), 65.
25–25 "Deserted. From the… forty shillings." Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, March 29, 1775.
Chapter 4: America's First Civil War
26 "it was better… they were." "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, August 29, 1775 to July 6, 1776," MSA, 11:309.
26 "My brave boys… be stretched." Ibid.
26 "was satisfied he was right." Ibid.
27 "I confess… myself carfully." Ibid., 11:310.
28 Information about colonial debts from Kevin Phillips, 1775: A Good Year for Revolution (New York: Penguin Group, 2012), 108.
28 "was an ardent… a Tory." A. A. Gunby, Colonel John Gunby of the Maryland Line (Cincinnati: Robert Clark Company, 1902), 24–25.
28 "one of the most… Gen. Smallwood." Salisbury (Maryland) Times, September 7, 1959, Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture at Salisbury University.
29 "I am determined… of England." Ibid.
29 "a name to… endure oppression." Gunby, Colonel John Gunby, 24–25.
29 "The worthy proprietor… fertile territory." New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, 20.
29–30 "shamefully misrepresents facts… SYNONYMOUS TERMS." James Chalmers (Candidus), Plain Truth (Philadelphia: R. Bell, 1776).
30 "repel force by force." Ibid.
Chapter 5: The Otter
33 "becoming, subsequently, on the most friendly terms." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library. The author painstakingly transcribed the handwritten papers, which were a biography written in the third person.
34 "We hear that… you can." "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, August 29, 1775 to July 6, 1776," MSA, 11:201.
34–35 "moved with astonishing… with Men." Ibid., 11:236.
35 "was done without… inconsiderate midshipman." Ibid.
35 "We cannot sufficiently… our power." Ibid., 11:226.
36 "It evidently appears… our Enemies." Ibid., 11:334.
Chapter 6: The Armada
37 "a wood of pine trees trimmed." Daniel McCurtin, "Journal of the Times at the Siege of Boston," in Papers Related to the Maryland Line during the Revolution, Thomas Balch, ed. (Philadelphia: Printed for the Seventy-Six Society, 1857), 40.
37 "I declare, at… was afloat." Ibid.
37 Part of a small advance group. Two companies of Marylanders, including a main figure in this book, Otho Holland Williams, took part in the siege of Boston.
38 "The Congress have… of tyranny." John Hancock to the Convention of Maryland, letter, July 4, 1776, from Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, 525–26.
38 "I do therefore… defend ourselves." Ibid.
39 "silent as a rock." Chernow, Washington: A Life, 239.
39 "had no objection… enjoyed madam." David McCollough, 1776 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 75.
40 "a shy bitch." Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), 214.
40 Information on terms of enlistment from Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 33.
41 "the most arrogant army in the world." A. Graydon, Memoirs of His Own Time, J. S. Littell, ed. (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1846), 208.
41 "Their army is… motley crew." Michael Stephenson, Patriot Battles: How the War of Independence Was Fought (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 20.
41 Information on purchase of commissions and British troops' experience from Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 34; and Sylvia R. Frey, The British Soldier in America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 135.
42 "For men on… deeply believed." Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 50.
42 "leaping, running, climbing… remarkable rapidity." Bennet Cuthbertson, Cuthbertson's System, for the Complete Interior Management and Œconomy of a Battalion of Infantry (Briston: A. Gray, 1776), 191.
43 "two pistols, a short-barreled carbine, and a long cavalry sword." Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 36.
44 "any disgrace which… cruel misfortune." James Browne, A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans (London, Edinburgh, and Dublin: A. Fullarton, 1854), 133.
44 "the largest suppliers… most expensive." Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 52.
45 "Never in this… them rich." Johann Ewald, Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal, Joseph P. Tustin, ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), 118.
46 "The time is… this Army." Chernow, Washington: A Life, 212.
46 "The whole army… take it." Henry Onderdone Jr., ed., Revolutionary Incidents of Suffolk and Kings Counties with an Account of the Battle of Long Island, and the British Prisons and Prison-Ships at New-York (New York: Leavitt & Company, 1849), 133–34.
46 Note on Marylanders in New York: An independent company of Marylanders took part in the siege of Boston and therefore arrived in Manhattan before Smallwood or the Flying Camp.
46 "They met, they talked, they parted." Ambrose Serle, The American Journal of Ambrose Serle, 1776–1778, Edward H. Tatum Jr., ed. (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1940), 70.
Chapter 7: Maryland Goes to War
47 "Never did a… hunting-shirts." "Account of Smallwood's Regiment in Philadelphia," in George Washington Park Custis, Mary Randolph Custis Lee, and Benson John Lossing, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington (New York: Derby and Jackson, 1860), 265.
47 "Colonel Smallwood's battalion… the Union." John Thomas Scharf, The Chronicles of Baltimore (Baltimore: Turnbull Brothers, 1874), 265.
47–48 "was obliged… the Service." Washington to Robert Morris, superintendent of finance, letter, January 29, 1783, in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745–1799, Volume 26, January 1, 1783–June 10, 1783 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1939), 79.
48 "Having fondness for… the revolution." Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, Volume 5, Lillian Miller, ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 119.
48 "She said she… to her." Ibid., 123.
48 "You can aid… seen before." Ibid., 124.
49 "We are advised… the Ospitals." Sands Collection, Williams Sands letter, August 14, 1776, MSA SC 2095.
49 Percentage of army listed as sick from Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 87.
49 "typically easing themselves in the ditches of the fortifications." Nathanael Greene, General Orders, July 28, 1776, in Papers of Nathanael Greene, 1776, Richard Showman, ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 1:278.
50 "The whores (by information)… one another." John J. Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 1776 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), 79.
50 Details on prostitute population from Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 86.
50 Details on whore's march from Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution (New York: Macmillan, 1952). 123–25.
51 "We shall have… our all." Council to Maryland Deputies, August 16, 1776, MSA, 12:211–13.
51 "the amenity of… of friends." Thomas Wyatt, Memoirs of the General, Commodores, and Other Commanders Who Distinguished Themselves in the American Army and Navy (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1848), 78.
51 "deserves a statue… Grecian heroes." A Memoir of the Late Col. John Eager Howard, Reprinted from the Baltimore Gazette, October 15, 1827 (Baltimore: Kelly, Hedian & Piet, 1863), 4.
51 "was apptd. an Ensign… 3d July." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
52 "tall and brawny… genuine courage." Balch, Papers Related to the Maryland Line, 46-48.
Chapter 8: The Storm Begins
53 "In a few… every side." Henry P. Johnson, The Campaign of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn (Brooklyn, NY: Long Island Historial Society, 1878), 113.
53 "the tips of… if roasted." McCullough, 1776, 156.
53 "ships and vessels… the rain." Serle, American Journal, 70.
53–54 "The peach and… readily apparent." Bruce Burgoyne, trans. and ed., An Anonymous Hessian Diary (Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 1980), 54–55.
54 "regaled themselves with… trees together." Serle, American Journal, 71–73.
54 "The Enemy being… [by the] lines." Mordecai Gist, letter, Camp New York, August 1776, New-York Historical Society (NYHS).
54 "over desire of being popular." George Washington to Congress, letter, June 17, 1776 in James Thomas Flexner, George Washington (New York: Little, Brown, 1965), 6:112.
54 "carts and horses… in tumult." Philip Vickers Fithian, "August 25, 1776," in Philip Vickers Fithian Journal, 1773–1776 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1934), 218.
55 "A few more… in America." Henry Clinton, The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775–1782, William B. Willcox, ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1954), 19.
55 "The distinction between… the latter." George Washington to Israel Putnam, letter, August 25, 1776 in Flexner, George Washington, 6:126–27.
55 "a continuous barrier… be sustained." Henry P. Johnston, Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society (Brooklyn, NY: Long Island Historical Society, 1878), 3:143.
58 "at all hazards… the wood." George Washington to Israel Putnam, letter, August 25, 1776.
Chapter 9: The Battle of Brooklyn
59 Details on the devil's footprint from Whittemore, Heroes of the American Revolution, xiv.
60 "Now you are… the enemy." Onderdone, Revolutionary Incidents, 138–39.
61 "overweight, rheumatic, vain, pompous, gluttonous inebriate." Paul David Nelson, William Alexander, Lord Stirling (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1987), 88.
61 "I fully expected… our lines." Johnston, Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, 2:357.
61–62 "We began our… the attack." "Extract of a letter from a gentleman from Maryland," New York, August 30, 1776, in Peter Force's American Archives (Washington, DC, 1837–53), 5th series, 1:1231–32; Papers of Mordecai Gist, MHS.
62 "with a Red and angry Glare." "Extract of a letter"; Papers of Mordecai Gist, New-York Historical Society.
62 "immediately advanced and… the front." "Extract of a letter"; Papers of Mordecai Gist, NYHS.
62 "immediately drew up… English taste." Unknown (Nathaniel Ramsay), "Extract of a Letter from New-York, Dated September 1, 1776," in Journal of the Transactions of August 27, 1776, upon Long-Island, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 2:107–8.
62 "Our men stood… our number." Ibid.
62–63 "We gave them… touched any." Captain Enoch Anderson, Personal Recollections (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1895), 121.
63 "[Grant] may have… mill pond." William Duer, The Life of William Alexander, Earl of Stirling (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1847), 102.
63 "Our men behaved… side ceased." "Extract of a letter from a gentleman from Maryland," New York, August 30, 1776, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 1:1231–32.
63 "We soon heard… our camp." Ibid.
64 "with colors flying… their bayonets." Christopher Longstreth Ward, The Delaware Continentals, 1776–1783 (Literary Licensing, 2012), 37.
64 Details on bayoneting of stragglers from Henry R. Stiles, A History of the City of Brooklyn (Brooklyn, NY, 1867), 1:274.
64 "ten or fifteen grenadiers." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
64 "that the left… for stragglers." Ibid.
64 "When the regiment… in line." Ibid.
64–65 "We soon fell… in ambuscade." "Extract of a Letter from a Marylander, Dated New York, August 30, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 1:1231–32.
65 "They entirely overshot… I made." "Extract of a Letter from a Marylander, Dated New York, August 28, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 7:615.
65 "came to the marsh… brisk fire." Onderdone, Revolutionary Incidents, 146.
65 "During this interval… a marsh." "Extract of a Letter from a Marylander, Dated New York, August 30, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 1:1231–32.
65 Details about bridge from Scharf, History of Maryland, 246.
65 "rather corpulent." O'Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, 249.
66 "I found it… the creek." Lord Stirling to General Washington, letter, August 29, 1776, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 1:1245.
66 "We were then… our battalion." "Extract of a Letter from a Marylander, Dated New York, August 28, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 7:615.
67 "We continued the… several times." There's a conflict between Gist's and Stirling's accounts regarding the number of charges. Stirling, letter to George Washington, Stirling Papers, New-York Historical Society.
67 "our little line… second attack." "Extract of a Letter from a Marylander, Dated New York, August 30, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 1:1231–32.
67 "Our men fought with more than Roman valor." Unknown (Nathaniel Ramsay), "Extract of a Letter from New-York, Dated September 1, 1776," in Journal of the Transactions of August 27, 1776, upon Long-Island, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 2:107–8; Onderdone, Revolutionary Incidents, 147.
67 "encouraged and animated… invincible resolution," "Extract of a Letter from a Marylander, Dated New York, August 30, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 1:1231–32.
67 "Surrounded on all… and confusion." Ibid.
67–68 "The Hessians and… their hands." Onderdone, Revolutionary Incidents, 138.
68 "We were greatly… was decided." Ibid.
68 "My captain was… was taken." Pension application of William McMillan, NARA.
69 "Major Gist [and his men]… them again." "Extract of a Letter from a Marylander, Dated New York, August 28, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 7:615.
69 "Gen. Washington wrung… day lose!'" Maryland Gazette, January 9, 1772–September 10, 1779; "Mordecai Gist," Archives of Maryland (Biographical Series).
69 "out of the water… water-rats." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 16.
69 "Most of those… their lives." Smallwood Papers, MHS.
69 "He and a sergeant… not swim." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
69 "hold up his… his mouth." Charles Willson Peale, The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale, in The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, Lillian B. Miller and Sidney Hart, eds. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), 5:123.
69–70 "[My father spoke]… his head." Pension application of Bryan Philpot, NARA.
70 Details about decapitation from pension applications of Patrick Sims and Bryan Philpot, NARA.
70 "A party retreated… safe in." "Extract of a Letter from a Marylander, Dated New York, August 30, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 1:1231–32.
70 "The men were… they could." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
70 "Captain Veazey is… are missing." Unknown (Nathaniel Ramsay), "Extract of a Letter from New-York."
70 "torn with shot." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 41.
70–71 "soon found it… the Hessians." Stirling Papers, NYHS.
71 "General Stirling fought like a wolf." Cornwallis Papers, UK Public Record Office (PRO).
71 "an hour, more… its history." Thomas W. Field, The Battle of Long Island (Brooklyn, NY: Long Island Historical Society, 1869), 208.
Chapter 10: Escape from Long Island
72 "The enemy came… has begun," "Maryland Soldier's Letter," Peter Force's American Archives and Maryland Gazette, September 5, 1776.
72 Details on killed and missing from Onderdone, Revolutionary Incidents, 146.
72 "It required repeated… the attempt." Howe's Memoirs in Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society (Brooklyn, NY: Long Island Historical Society, 1869), 2:378; also found in George Trevelyan, The American Revolution (London: C. J. Fox, 1899), 1:311.
72–73 "We had no… every part." Whittemore, Heroes of the American Revolution, 24.
73 "When I looked… dearly bought." Trevelyan, The American Revolution, 1:311.
73 "There fell a… our ammunition." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 17.
74 "that at the Battle… taken prisoner." Pension application of John Hughes, NARA.
74 "Troops fired off… own lines." Philip Vickers Fithian, Journal, 1775–1776, Robert Greenhalgh Albion and Leonidas Dodson, eds. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1934), 220–21.
74 "so much that… with water." W. H. W. Sabine, ed., The New York Diary of Lieutenant Jabez Fitch (New York: New York Times and Arno Press, 1971), 61–62.
75 "had but one… enemy's approaches." Smallwood to Maryland Convention, letter, October 12, 1776, :2.amarch.
75 "remarkably still, the water smooth as glass." Whittemore, Heroes of the American Revolution, 32.
76 "The effect was at once alarming and sublime." Alexander Gratin, Memoirs (New York: New York Times and Arno Press, 1969), 167.
76 "Good God! General… the line!" George F. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin, eds., Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It (New York: Da Capo Press, 1957), 170–71.
76 "sink it to hell." Stiles, History of the City of Brooklyn, 1:387.
76–77 "Those of us… yards' distance." Benjamin Tallmadge, Memoir of Colonel Benjamin Tallmadge (New York: TK, 1858), 10–11.
77 "One of the corporals… to [us]." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
77 Details on losses from Onderdone, Revolutionary Incidents, 136. The British tallied, and likely understated, their own losses as follows: "5 officers and 56 non-commissioned officers, and rank and file killed; 12 officers, and 245 non-commissioned officers and rank and file wounded; one officer and 20 grenadiers of the marines taken, by mistaking the enemy for the Hessians. The Hessians had two privates killed, three officers and 23 rank and file wounded."
Chapter 11: Manhattan
78 "All of a sudden… go first." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 34.
78–79 "I have often… Connecticut troops." "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, July 7–December 31, 1776," MSA.
79 "Wretches, who, however… one Shot." Smallwood Papers, MHS.
79 "a New England… for Cowardice." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
79 "to restore to… be hanged." Papers of George Washington, Library of Congress; 6:171–77.
79 "so vexed at… than life." Flexner, George Washington, 2:123.
80 "Washington expressly sent… upon us." "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, July 7: December 31, 1776," MSA, 342.
81 "Come on, boys!" Henry Phelps Johnson, Battle of Harlem Heights (New York, 1897), 55; also Bruce Blizen, The Battle for Manhattan (New York: Holt, 1955), 85–87.
81 Expending most of their ammunition. Knowlton's men unleashed about eight rounds per man. See Johnson, Battle of Harlem Heights, 155.
81 "The enemy appeared… our disgrace." Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 2:443–45.
82 "Never did troops… on them." September 17, 1776, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 2:370.
82 "The Marylanders, were… gave way." Ibid.
82 "The action was… not broke." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
82 "[From] the appearance… and wounded." General Washington to Governour Cooke, letter, September 17, 1776, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 2:367.
83 "striking Sergeant [William]… Colonel Silliman." "Proceedings of a General Court-Martial of the Line, held on the Heights of Harlem, by order of General Washington, for the trial of all prisoners to be brought before them," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 2:467.
83 "I'll go to… damn you." Ibid.
83 "I drew near… a battle." Anderson, Personal Recollections, 23.
84 "A pardon, a pardon! . . with pleasure." Ibid., 24.
84 "I would burn… to theirs." Greene to Washington, September 5, 1776, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 1:295.
84 "but was absolutely forbid." John Hancock to George Washington, September 3, 1776, Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, 6:207.
84 "The sick, the aged…ever beheld." Frederick Mackenzie, The Diary of Frederick Mackenzie (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1930), 58–60.
84 "I must break… fight them." William Smallwood to the Maryland Convention, letter, October 12, 1776, in Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 152.
Chapter 12: When Twenty-Five Men
Held Off an Army
87 Comment about potential mental illness from Phillip Papas, Renegade Revolutionary: The Life of General Charles Lee (New York: New York University Press, 2014).
88 "the British officer… no control." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
88 "near two hundred… the Doctor." "Minutes of Council of Safety, October 26, 1776," MSA, 12:404.
88 "could not from… they pleased." Clinton, The American Rebellion, 45–55.
89 "and asked how… British out." Pension application of John Hughes, NARA.
89 "[I] with Twelve… this accident." Ibid.
89 "The sun shone… more advantage." William Heath, The Revolutionary War Memoirs of Major General William Heath, Sean M. Heuvel, ed. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2014), 54.
89 "A cannon commenced…. our artillery." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
89 "construct a rough… across them." Pension applications of John Hughes and Samuel Smith, NARA.
89 "more than halfway… into disorder." Ward, The War of the Revolution, 264.
90 "The enemy advanced… great fury." "Extract of a letter from White Plains," Maryland Gazette, October 28, 1776, MSA.
90 "It was a gallant… the slope." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
90 "first took the… a heap." Edward G. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life (New York: Random House, 2005), 163; "Extract of a letter from White Plains."
90 "in this Battle… the hospital." Pension application of William Brooks, NARA.
90 "A ball struck… Sergeant Westlay." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
90 "[We marched] down… militia aforeward." "Extract of a letter from White Plains."
90 "fled in confusion… scattering fire." John Haslet to Caesar Rodney, letter, Delaware Historical Society.
91 "very heavy fire… an hour." Ibid.
91 "a soldier of… and expired." Anderson, Personal Recollections, 25.
91 "The Americans overpowered… was found." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
91 "about a hundred stragglers, and marched them within the lines." Smallwood Papers, MHS.
91 "A young… satisfied ourselves." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
91 Details on losses from Gist to Council, November 2, 1776, Archives of Maryland, 12:418.
92 "The rebels had… extraordinary tenacity." Bruce E. Burgoyne, trans., The Diary of Lieutenant Von Bardeleben and Other Von Donop Regiment Documents (Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 1998), 90.
92 "Since the skirmish… much haste." "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, July–December 1776," MSA, 12:418.
92 "I being very… two weeks." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
Chapter 13: Fort Washington
93 Note on Williams: He was an officer in the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, also known as Rawling's Regiment, a unit of light infantry and riflemen. As the name suggests, both states contributed troops to the unit. They acted as scouts, skirmishers, and forward outposts in front of the main army.
94 "great hopes the enemy was entirely repulsed." "General Washington to the President of Congress," November 16, 1776, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 3:706.
94 "All that are my grenadiers, march forwards!" Johannes Reuber, Journal, December 25 [26], 1776, in McCullough, 1776, 242.
95 "Commission was stain'd… the action." Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS. The author has microfilm copies of all of the Williams papers.
95 "Of the Maryland… of them." Samuel Chase to Maryland Council of Safety, letter, November 22, 1776, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 3:809.
95 "escaped in a… the porch." After the escape, Everhart quit the infantry and joined the Light Dragoons, mounted infantry led by Washington's nephew, the indomitable William Washington. Pension application of Lawrence Everhart, NARA.
95 "Their odd figures… our soldiers." Frederick Mackenzie, Diary of Frederick Mackenzie (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1930), 111–12.
95 "lowered the colours… his breeches." One of the lucky prisoners, Atkinson escaped confinement in New York City. He was placed "in a sugar house, and then in a vessel of war, that he was soon after taken sick & removed to the hospital, on his recovery he was compelled to attend on the sick in the hospital and subsequently permitted to go in and out when he pleased, that at length he effected his escape about the month of June (1777)." Pension application of Richard Thomas Atkinson, NARA.
96 Details on captured prisoners from Edwin G. Burrows, Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners during the Revolutionary War (New York: Basic Books, 2008), xi.
96 "Among the prisoners… for officers." E. J. Lowell, The Hessians and Other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1884), 64–66.
96–97 "he replied, that… his offence." Osmond Tiffany, A Sketch of the Life and Services of Gen. Otho Holland Williams (Baltimore, MD: John Murphy, 1851), 8.
97 "about sixteen feet… loathsome filth." Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
97 "Their health was… his imprisonment." Ibid.
97 "Sunday 17th. Such… Deaths multiply." Henry Steele Commager and Richard Brandon Morris, eds., The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 856–57.
98 "said I should… threaten us." William Sterrett to James McHenry, letter, April 2, 1778, MHS.
98 "much to the… to myself." Burrows, Forgotten Patriots, 108.
98–99 "Ten of us… but death." Pension application of William McMillan, NARA, via Fold3.
99 "with little port-hole… external air." William Dunlap, History of the New Netherlands, Province of New York, and State of New York, to the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, 2 vols. (New York: Carter and Thorp, 1840), 1:136, 141–42.
99 "from Exposure, bad treatment, Cold & Hunger." Pension application of Elijah Wright, NARA.
99 "that she had… always happened." Pension application of William McMillan, NARA.
99 "murdered a great… year 1776." Elias Boudinot, Journal of the Events in the Revolution (original edition, 1894; reprint, New York: New York Times and Arno Press, 1968), 35–36.
Chapter 14: The Crisis
100 "A thick cloud… every countenance," Archives of Delaware, 3:1358; Ward, Delaware Continentals, 104.
100 "Our army began… the Enemy." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
101 "dark, cold, and… their blankets." Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 125.
101 "No nation ever… of tatterdemalions." Ibid.
101 "Was taken sick… of April." Gassaway Watkins, "An Interesting Personal Record," The Spirit of '76, 1 (December 1894):69.
102 "This march being… very hard." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS, PAM 10699.
102 "informed him that… guard duty." Papers of Samuel Smith, Columbia University Library.
102 "I can assign… and damper." Ibid.
102 "Even the bones… of one." Maryland Archives Online, 2:1166–67.
103 "[We] are badly… their baggage." "Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, July 7–December 31, 1776," MSA.
103 "[I] am much… get none." Captain Hindman to Maryland Council of Safety, letter, October 12, 1776, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 2:1006.
103 "Let them go… ten rebels." Ewald, Diary of the American War, 30–35.
103 "ending the war… needless way." Ibid.
104 "Two or three… to Philadelphia." William Beatty, Journal, MHS.
105 "[Our] numbers by… a few officers." Samuel Stelle Smith, The Battle of Princeton (Monmouth Beach, NJ: Westholme, 1967; reprint, 2009), 28–30, 34–36.
106 "Colonel Haslet came… no shoes." Anderson, Personal Recollections, 25.
106 "comfortable lodgings in the college." Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 131.
107 "We continued on… his pioneers." Anderson, Personal Recollections, 28.
107 "the most hellish… brother James." Peale, Autobiography, 50.
107 Note on size of battalion: The regiment was now down to 5 officers, 19 NCOs, and 139 enlisted men. Charles H. Lesser, The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 40, 43.
107–8 "Entre nous, a certain… are lost." Lee to Gates, December 13, 1776, American Archives, Northern Illinois University Libraries Digital Collections and Collaborative Projects.
108 "I ordered my… they could." McCullough, 1776, 265.
108 "he trusted he… a gentleman." Ibid., 275.
109 "the greatest coolness… not killed." Friedrich von Münchhausen, At General Howe's Side, 1776–1778: The Diary of General William Howe's Aide-de-Camp, Captain Friedrich von Muenchhausen, Ernest Kipping, trans. (Monmouth Beach, NJ: Philip Freneau, 1974), 6.
109 "It became clearly… and peacefully." Ewald, Diary of the American War, 17–25.
109 "General Howe appeared… his escape." Charles Stedman, The History of the Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American War, 2 vols. (London: J. Murray et al., 1794).
109 "scattered through the… ragged condition." Horace Wells Sellers, "Charles Willson Peale, Artist-Soldier," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 38, no. 3 (1914):257–87.
109 "All the plantations… declared booty." Ewald, Diary of the American War, 30–35.
110 "These are the… and women." Thomas Paine, "The American Crisis," December 23, 1776.
110 "flew like wildfire… the counties." George Otto Trevelyan, The American Revolution, pt. 2 (New York and London: Longmans, Green, 1898–1926), 2:81.
110 "people began to… it quickly," Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 142
111 "I think the game is pretty near up." Chernow, Washington: A Life, no page number.
Chapter 15: Victory or Death-
The Gamble at Trenton
112 "not to suffer… attempts either." George Washington, General Orders, December 25, 1776, Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, 7:436.
112 "I was struck… 'or Death.'" Benjamin Rush, The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush: His 'Travels through Life' Together with His Commonplace Book for 1789–1813, George W. Corner, ed. (Princeton, NJ: American Philosophical Society, 1948), 124.
112 Details on Hessians from Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 396.
113 "I have not… the bayonet." "The Affair at Trenton, Finding of Hessian Court Martial, Colonel's Report," Lidgerwood Transcripts, Morristown National Historical Park Library; and Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 196.
113 "not to be troubled… manage it." Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 203.
113–14 "our General halted… our beloved." Pension application of Henry Wells (Wales), NARA.
114 "but thinly clad… extremely cold." Pension application of John Boudy (Bondy, Bodray), NARA.
114 "greatest fatigue"; "breaking a passage." George Washington to T. Cadwalader, December 26, 1776, Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, 7:450.
115 "Many of our… broken shoes." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 121.
115 "Our Army was destitute of shoes and clothing-… It was snowing at this time and the night was unusually stormy. Several of our men froze to death." Pension application of John Boudy (Bondy, Bodray), NARA.
115 "Soldiers, keep by… your officers!" Scheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 212.
115 "Tell General Sullivan… take Trenton." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 122.
115 "Press on! Press on, boys!" Ibid.
115 "Der Feind! Heraus! Heraus!" Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 240.
116 "These are the times that try men's souls!" Thomas Paine, "The American Crisis," December 23, 1776.
116 "All who are my grenadiers forward!" Johannes Reuber, Journal, December 25–26, 1776, in Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 246.
116 "Here succeeded a… saw before." Henry Knox to Lucy Flucker Knox, December 28, 1776, quoted in William S. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Boston, 1898), 371; and in Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 248.
116 "My blood chill'd… to bear." Joseph White, A Narrative of Events, as They Occurred from Time to Time, in the Revolutionary War, with an Account of the Battles of Trenton, Trenton-Bridge, and Princeton (Charlestown, MA: 1833), 77, quoted in Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 248.
117 "reeled in the saddle." Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 246–48.
117 "March on, my brave fellows, after me!" The Revolutionary Services of John Greenwood of Boston and New York, 1775–1783 (New York: De Vinne Press, 1922), 83.
117 "Sir, they have… and German." William M. Dwyer, The Day Is Ours! An Inside View of the Battles of Trenton and Princeton, November 1776–January 1777 (New York: Viking, 1983), 259.
117 "[Prisoners] should have… unfortunate brethen." Chernow, Washington: A Life, 282.
117 "policy of humanity." Charles Francis Adams, ed., Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams (New York: Hurd and Houghton and Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1876), 247.
117 Note on treatment of prisoners: Fighting in the South or Southern Department was more violent and involved many clashes between Loyalist and Whig partisan units that did not view quarter in a uniform manor. But Continentals treated prisoners properly in both the North and the South.
117–18 "With [Hessian] brass… or Defense." Joseph Reed, "General Joseph Reed's Narrative of the Movements of the American Army in the Neighborhood of Trenton in the Winter of 1776–77," Pennsylviania Magazine of History and Biography, December 1, 1884, 391–92.
118 "as many muskets… and swords." George Washington to John Hancock, December 27, 1776 Founders online: NARA.
118 "very trifling indeed… privates wounded." Dwyer, The Day Is Ours! 271.
118–19 "My brave fellows… other circumstances." Sergeant R-, "The Battle of Princeton," Wellsborough (Pennsylvania), Phoenix, March 24, 1832, quoted in Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 272–73.
119 "most affectionate manner." Ibid.
119 "Defend the bridge… man, excellency." Custis, Lee, and Lossing, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 413.
119–20 "This was the… and them." Robert Beale, "Revolutionary Experiences of Major Robert Beale," Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine 6 (1956): 500–6.
120 "If there ever… valorous sons." James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times (Philadelphia: Abraham Small, 1816; reprint, 1923), 1:138.
120 "On one hour… conquered rebels!" Edwin Martin Stone, The Life and Recollections of John Howland (Providence, RI: George H. Whitney, 1857), 74.
120 "Well, boys, you… leg them." Harry M. Ward, Charles Scott and the Spirit of '76 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1988), 27.
121 "The noble horse… and station." Stone, Life and Recollections, 74.
121 "The enemy came… soon defeated." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 142.
122 "They continued to… and fled." Dwyer, The Day Is Ours! 323.
122 "Officers reformed the… the bridge." Ibid.
122 "It was then… one man." Ibid.
122 "They came on… cannot conceive." Ibid.
122 "The bridge looked… red coats." White, Narrative, 74–79.
122 "Their dead bodies… just passed." Pension application of William Hutchinson, NARA.
122 "We've got the… the morning." Benton Rain Patterson, Washington and Cornwallis (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2004), 95.
Chapter 16: Princeton
126 "Orders were given… lightly planted." Trevelyan, The American Revolution, pt. 2, 2:144.
126 "The morning was… every object." Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times, 141.
126–27 "We drew up… Brigade lay." H. C. Wylly, ed., 1913 Regimental Annual, The Sherwood Foresters (London, 1913), 18, quoted in Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 329.
127 Mawhood's troop numbers from Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 330.
127 "remaining fragment." Samuel Stelle Smith, The Battle of Trenton/The Battle of Princeton: Two Studies (Monmouth Beach, NJ: Westholme Publishing, 2009), 20.
127 "rushed without reconnoitering… of cannon." Ibid.
127 "too far off." Ibid., 24.
127 "so that every… fire incessantly." Ibid.
127 "threw the whole in confusion." Ibid.
128 "expostulated to no purpose." Ibid.
128 "Parade with us… them directly." Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography, 7 vols. (New York: Scribner, 1948–1957).
128 "O my Susan!… of myself." James Read, letter, 1777, in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 16:465–66.
128 "They fly, the day is our own." "An Account of the Battle of Princeton. From the Pennsylvania Evening Post, Jan. 16, 1777, Extract of a letter from an Officer of Distinction in General Washington's Army, Jan. 5, 1777," in Pennsylvania Magazine of History 8, no. 3 (October 1884):310–12.
128 "It is a fine fox chase, my boys!" Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times, 1:145.
129 "all the blood… the surface." Smith, The Battle of Trenton/The Battle of Princeton, 27.
129 "Gen'l Washington… and people." Pension application of Jesse Ford, NARA.
129 "The achievements of… military achievements." North Callahan, Henry Knox: General Washington's General (New York: Rinehart, 1958), 98.
130 "Thus had times… our defense." Ewald, Diary of the American War, 44–45 for entry of December 30–31, 1776.
130 "a church, a tavern,… better sort." Ward, The War of the Revolution, 319.
130–31 "The Tories in… the Whiggs." In Maryland Archives Online.
131 "an armed force,… their country." Theodore Corbett, Revolutionary Chestertown: Loyalists and Rebels on Maryland's Eastern Shore (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2014), 113.
131 "their ravaging and… of Gold." New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, 40.
132 "but, undismayed, [she]… the rebel." Ibid., 50.
132 "a suit of clothes yearly." "Instructions to Recruiting Officers," October 23, 1776," Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 2:1204.
132 Information on difficulty in recruiting troops from Charles H. Lesser, ed., Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continenetal Army (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 54.
133 "the whole Army,… the smallpox." Pension application of John Boudy (Bondy, Bodray), NARA.
133 "fired by the love of liberty." Richard Pindell, "A Militant Surgeon of the Revolution: Some Letters of Richard Pindell, M.D.," Maryland Historical Magazine Vols. 17–18 (MHS: Baltimore, 1922), 309–23
133 "repeatedly rejected the… for life." Ibid.
134 Information on Revolutionary-era medicine from Elizabeth Rorke, "Surgeons and Butchers," Brandywine Battlefield Historic Site,
134 "Our hospital, or… wretched clothing." Anthony Wayne to Gates, December 1, 1776, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 3:1032.
135 Information on troop strength from Ward, Delaware Continentals, 162.
136 "The whole of… then retreated." Joseph Nourse, February 29, 1777, Peter Force's American Archives, 5th series, 3:1031.
136 Information on troop strength from Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 359.
137 "whose head was… of him." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
137 "mostly Barefoot though… us Daily." John Sullivan to George Washington, letter, August 7, 1777, Sullivan Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society, 1:423–27.
137 "The court passed… the road." William Beatty, Journal, MHS.
138 "only those who… a march." From Ward, Delaware Continentals, 179, citing Sullivan Papers, 1:437.
138 "My line of… then run." Anderson, Personal Recollections.
138–39 "Our people [were]… were ineffectual." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 179.
139 "lawful plunder." Anderson, Personal Recollections.
139 "Run, run,… safe over." AIbid.
139–40 "They came down… the Barn." Spelling errors have been corrected from the original. Normally, the author attempts to preserve the original language, including the spelling errors, but in this case, there were so many errors that the text became difficult to read. Francis B. Culver, "General Sullivan's Descent upon the British on Staten Island-The Escape of William Wilmot," Maryland Historical Magazine 6, no. 2 (June 1911).
Chapter 17: Brandywine
141 "[No] dancing along… the case." George Washington, General Orders, August 23, 1777, Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, 9:127.
141 "with a lively smart step." Chernow, Washington: A Life.
141–42 "We have such… the enemy." Ibid.
142 "I confess the… our comprehension." Ibid.
142 "must mean to… strange one." Ibid.
142 "they are utterly… strenuous exertions." Ibid.
144 "As the Approach… respective camps." William Beatty, Journal, MHS.
144 "Marsch, schräg nach rechts!… Angriff! (Charge!)" McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign: Brandywine and the Fall of Philadelphia (Mechaniecsburg, PA: Stockpole Books, 2006), 216.
145 "The balls [were]… the grapeshot." Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789, rev. ed. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 394.
145 "Colonel [Nathaniel] Ramsay… the Yagars." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
145 "much stained with blood." Sheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 270.
146 "The general was… fallen in." Joseph Townsend, "Some Account of the Adventures of One Day-The Memorable September 11th, 1777," Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
146 "I neither knew… with them." Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 274.
146 "rode up to Consult the other General officers." Ibid.
147 "By the time… of battle." John Stone to William Paca, letter, September 23, 1777, in Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 166–68.
148 "Lord Cornwallis's men… good order." McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign: Brandywine and the Fall of Philadelphia, 222.
148 "received a wound… Winter following." Pension application of John Boudy (Bondy, Bodray), NARA.
148 "The firing, while… war began." Joseph Clark, Diary, New Jersey Historical Society, 256.
148 "During the fight… our discomfiture." Pension application of Henry Wells (Wales), NARA.
148 "The American fire… wings collapsed." McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign: Brandywine and the Fall of Philadelphia, 223.
148 "I rallied a… Bristled Bayonetts." Pindell, "Militant Surgeon," 308–20.
148–49 "We began to… their batteries." Francis Downman, The Services of Lieut.-Colonel Francis Downman, R.A. in France, North America, and the West Indies between the Years 1758 and 1784, Colonel F. A. Whinyates, ed. (Woolwich, UK: Royal Artillery Institution, 1898), 33.
149 "We renew our…all quarters." Ibid.
149 "Never was a… and wounded." Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 167.
149 "well over six… great strength." William L. Calderhead, "Thomas Carney: Unsung Soldier of the American Revolution," Maryland Historical Magazine 84, no. 4 (Winter 1989):321.
149 "when said frigate… at Brandywine." Pension application of Michael Ellis, NARA.
149 "wounded in the hand and in the face." Pension application of Jacob Allen, NARA.
149–50 "We were led… this day." Pension application of Henry Wells (Wales), NARA.
150 "We retreated about… great execution." Scharf, History of Maryland, 321.
150 "discovered a flanking… near sunset." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
150 "assured him he… forced me!" J. Smith Futhey and Gilbert Cope, History of Chester County, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1881), 80.
Chapter 18: Wayne's Affair
151 "Oh my Daddy's killed, my dear Daddy's killed!" Persifor Frazer, General Persifor Frazer: A Memoir Compiled Principally from His Own Papers by His Great-Grandson (Philadelphia, 1907), 155–56.
151 "I fought with… to me." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 537.
152 "Every one Rejoiced… few hours." Journal and Order Book of Captain Robert Kirkwood of the Delaware Regiment of the Continental Line, Delaware Historical Society, 167–70.
152 "The order of… immediately arranged." Futhey and Cope, History of Chester County, 83.
152 "An extraordinary thunderstorm… the world." Ewald, Diary of the American War, 89.
153 "The inferiority of… this occasion." Howard to Bentalou, March 1826, Bayard Papers, MHS.
153 "Hard rain that… the arms." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
153 "cutting off the… of Ambuscades." Washington to Brigadier Gneral Anthony Wayne, September 18, 1777, Washington Papers, Library of Congress; Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington: 235–36.
153 "I believe a… human gore!" Chernow, Washington: A Life, 361.
153 "surprise these gentlemen… a frolic." Nahum Parker Journal, September 20, 1777, Parker Family Papers, NARA.
154 "Turn out my… the Smoak." Martin Hunter, The Journal of Gen. Sir Martin Hunter, James Hunter, Anne Hunter, and Elizabeth Bell eds. (Edinburgh: Edinburg Press, 1894), 29–30.
154 "Dash, Light Infantry!" "HUZZAH!" Ibid.
154 "One of our… of since." Smallwood to Johnson, September 23, 1777, MHS, MSS 1875.
154 "The Rear taking… their friends." Ibid.
154 "My Horse received… their Hands." Mordecai Gist to John Smith, September 23, 1777, Emmet Collection, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundation, no. 6610.
155 "The fire of… from foe." Hamilton B. Tompkins, "Contemporary Account of the Battle of Germantown," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 11, no. 3 (October 1887):330–31.
156–57 "encampment of the British… and retreated." "Col. John Eager Howard's Account of the Battle of Germantown," Maryland Historical Magazine 4, no. 4 (December 1909):314.
157 "survived the hottest… little red." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
157 "engaged from behind… the field." "Col. John Eager Howard's Account of the Battle of Germantown," 315.
158 "the rebels pressed… the door." "Battle of German Town from a British Account," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 11, no. 1 (April 1887):113.
158 "was wounded at… back bone." Pension application of James Keelan (Keland), NARA.
158 "Hurrah to the King! Hurrah to the English." McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign: Germantown and the Roads to Valley Forge (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stokpole Books, 2007).
158-59 "The Bravest [Americans]… great Slaughter." Jeremiah Greenman, Diary of a Common Soldier in the American Revolution, Robert C. Bray and Paul E. Bushnell, eds. (DeKalb: Northen Illinois University Press, 1978), 82.
159 "Seventy-five dead Americans… spattered around." Chernow, Washington: A Life.
159 Numbers of Loyalist troops provided by author and historian Don N. Hagist.
159 "We drove the… proper place." Asher Holmes to Sallie, letter, October 6, 1777, in George Crawford Beekman, Early Dutch Settlers of Momnouth County, New Jersey (Freehold, NJ: Moreau Bros., 1901), 118.
159–60 "A thick foggy… their line." Mordecai Gist Papers, MHS.
160 "A few Minutes… several redoubts." Ibid.
160 "found that the… to Maryland." Ibid.
160 "We are still… our advantage." James Cox to Mary Cox, letter, October 3, 1777, James Cox Papers, MHS.
160 "Your loving husband… hour afterwards." George Welsh to Mary Cox, letter, October 7, 1777, in Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 165–66.
160 "brave and valuable officer." Ibid., 166.
161 "The Weakness of… the Ground." Mordecai Gist Papers, MHS.
161 "Upon our troops… the pursuit," "Battle of German Town from a British Account," 114.
161 "The enemy sallied… checked them." "Col. John Eager Howard's Account of the Battle of Germantown," Maryland Historical Magazine 4, no. 4 (December 1909):314.
161 "When Cornwallis Coming… to retreat." William Beatty, Journal, MHS, 9.
161 "They appeared to… from us." Thomas Paine to Benjamin Franklin, letter, May 16, 1778, The Writings of Thomas Paine (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906).
162 "The British Grenadiers… move off." Officer B [Wetherall], British Journal, 1776–1778, Feinstone Collection, in McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign: Germantown, 48.
162 "It was a… for us." Chernow, Washington: A Life, 311.
162 "nothing struck him so much." Ibid.
Chapter 19: Mud Island
164 "to defend [Fort Mifflin] to their last extremity." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 90–91.
164 "The keeping of… persevering defense." Washington to Smith, letter, September 23, 1777, Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, Volume 12; Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
164 "nothing more than… hewn stone." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 49.
164 "The island, because… by assault." Lt. Col. Von Cochenhausen to Major General von Jungkenn, letter, November 28, 1777, in "The Philadelphia Campaign, 1777–1778, Letters and Reports from the von Jungkenn Papers," Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association 6, no. 2 (1998):18.
164 "He is a Young… public service." Samuel Smith, "The Papers of General Samuel Smith. The General's Autobiography," in The Historical Magazine Vol VII., No. 2 (February 1870): 87.
165 "sinister black painted." Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 134. Details on the navy and guns from the same source.
165 "A mosquito couldn't live there under my guns." Smith, Autobiography, 87.
165 "A shell would sink any of my galleys." Ibid.
165 "Yes, and falling… or paid." Ibid.
166 "fired two shot… of Artillery." Smith to Washington, letter, October 11, 1777, Maryland Historical Magazine, 1910, 5:214; Washington Papers, Library of Congress; Smith Papers, MHS.
166 "conveyed it to a Major Stuart." Samuel Smith Papers, Columbia University Library.
166 "Yesterday a red… more damage." Smith to Washington, letter, October 20, 1777. NARA.
166 "The rebels opened… our guns." Downman, The Services of Lieut.-Colonel Francis Downman, 42.
166 "they fired a… so accurately." Münchhausen, Diary, 43.
167 "Our men were… be broiled." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 49. The wounded included Marylander Neal Peacock.
167–168 "What are you… to lose!" Smith to Washington, letter, October 11, 1777, Maryland Historical Magazine, 1910, Volume 5; Washington Papers, Library of Congress; Smith Papers, MHS.
168 "[De Fleury] was… stroke at." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 50.
168 "We would watch… us out." Ibid.
168 "The enemy are… next week." Greene to Washington, letter, November 14, 1777, Maryland Historical Magazine, 1910, 5:214; Washington Papers, Library of Congress; Smith Papers, MHS.
168 "I wish we… cursed fort." Münchhausen, Diary, 43–44.
168 "I imprudently went… the Chimney." Smith to Washington, letter, November 12, 1777, Maryland Historical Magazine, 1910 5:214; Washington Papers, Library of Congress; Smith Papers, MHS.
168 "rolled over and… front door." Smith, Autobiography, 89–90.
169 "some of our… for duty." De Fleury to Washington, letter, November 12, 1777, NARA.
169 "The flag was… this evening." Greene to Washington, letter, November 14, 1777, NARA.
169 "very severe… firing range." Ibid.
170 "amusing himself in… the cellar." Martin Luther Brown, Baroness von Riedesel and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), 55–59.
172 "I believe no… heartfelt joy." Washington to Continental Congress, Washington Papers, Library of Congress.
172 "This morning… Main Channel." Greenman, Diary, 85.
172 "Mud Island was… lay about." Loos to Junkenn, "In Camp near Philadelphia 30 October 1777," cited by McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign: Germantown.
173 "Up with the… was here." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 52.
173 "We left our… the island." Ibid.
173 "hid himself in… our lines." Münchhausen, Diary, 43.
173 "having taken too… British uniform." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 54.
173 "Colonel Osborn took… and bloodstains." Cochenhausen to Jungkenn, letter, November 28, 1777, cited by McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign: Germantown.
174 "The house of… been there." Bruce Burgoyne, Enemy Views: The American Revolutionary War as Recorded by the Hessian Participants (Berwyn Heights, MD: Heritage Books, 2009), 236.
174 "hauled down the… English Jack." McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign: Germantown.
174 "trifling snow." The Montresor Journals, G. D. Scull, ed. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library, 1882), 477.
Chapter 20: Valley Forge and Wilmington
175 "The only alternative… frozen ground." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 58.
175 "not only starved… especially blankets." Ibid.
176 "Poor food-hard… and discouraged." Diary of Surgeon Albigence Waldo, of the Connecticut Line, Valley Forge, 1777–1778, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
176 "three or four… our destruction." Washington to Continental Congress, letter, December 23, 1777, Papers of George Washington, LOC.
177 "Naked and starving… the soldiery." Washington to Governor George Clinton, letter, February 16, 1778. Washington Papers, LOC.
177 "Our army suffered…collect provisions." Pension application of John Boudy (Bondy, Bodray), NARA.
177 "a smart widower… brave officer." Sally Wister, Journal (Philadelphia, PA: Ferris & Leach Publishers, 1902).
177 "I have been… my design." Mordecai Gist Papers, MHS..
177 "I have the… his subjects." Ibid.
178 "The enchanting pleasures… his Country." Gist to Steward, June 13, 1777, New York Public Library Collection. The author has complete copies of the Gist letterbook and letters in the Emmett and Meyers Collections at the New York Public Library and has spent hundreds of hours interpreting General Gist's penmanship.
178 "1st with wounding… and Discipline." George Washington, General Orders, December 3, 1777, Papers of George Washington.
178 "however Justifiable the… a riot." Ibid.
178 "Scandalous and Infamous… disorderly manner." "The Journal of Lieut. William Feltman, 1781–1782," Collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 319.
179 "Maryland officers in… other corps." Peale, Autobiography, 5:125.
179 "fared very… Prize of cloathing." William Beatty, Journal, MHS.
179 "very unpopular, owing… of Motion." Papers of Nathanael Greene (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 2:366–67.
179 "A pretty Condition… the morning," George Luck to Nathanael Greene, letter, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 2:367.
179 "[Chaplin] and sixteen… leave America." London Morning Post, June 2, 1778.
179–180 "Lieutenant General in the King of Prussia's service." Benjamin Franklin, The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1888), 6:105.
180 "Over here! Swear at him for me!" Austin Washington, The Education of George Washington (Washington, DC: Regnery History, 2014), 244.
Chapter 21: "A Damned Poltroon"
184 "to face about… the Rebels." O'Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, 221.
184 "I desire to… and confusion." Lee P. Anderson, Forgotten Patriot: The Life and Times of Major-General Nathanael Greene (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2012), 162.
184 "a damned poltroon." Ibid.
184 "a terrific eloquence of unprintable scorn." Ibid.
185 "It was at… from heaven." Ibid.
185 "General Washington was… the troops." Harlow Giles Unger, Lafayette (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2002), 79.
185 "If you can… my army!" Col. N. Ramsay-A Monograph Published by the MHS, Fund Publication no. 24.
185 "I will stop them or fall." Ibid.
186 "rather noted… the line." Scharf, History of Maryland, 333.
186 "making it equal… whole army." Ibid.
186 "Our Great good… the Artillery." Otho Holland Williams to Philip Thomas, letter, June 29, 1778, Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
187 "prisoners" and "endeavoured… situation permitted." Peale, Autobiography, 5:126.
187 "the very flower… the army." Stryker, Battles of Trenton and Princeton, 212.
188 "While in the… her occupation." Martin, Private Yankee Doodle. 75.
188 "The Whole of… all night." William Beatty, Journal, MHS.
188 "The Enemy took… had taken." Ibid., 12.
189 "Three sergeants, fifty-six rank and file died with fatigue." Henry Beebee Carrington, Battles of the American Revolution (London, 1904; reprint, Forgotten Books, 2013), 444.
190 "I have never… cross belts." Charles Albert Moré, Chevalier de Pontgibaud, A French Volunteer of the War of Independence, Robert B. Douglas, ed. and trans. (New York: D. Appleton, 1898), 93.
190 "It is a maxim… its interest." George Washington to Henry Laurens, letter, Papers of George Washington.
190 "his hand under… of water." John Adams, The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1853), 8:4.
Chapter 22: Light Infantry
191 "[I am] old and would die here!" J. G. Simcoe, Simcoe's Military Journal (New York: Bartlett and Welford, 1844), 86.
192 "a Corps of… Partizan Officers." George Washington, General Orders, August 8, 1778, Papers of George Washington.
192 "alertness, daring, and military efficiency." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 296.
193 "Our light infantry… superior party." Benjamin Ford to Governor Johnson, September 1778 (Camp White Plains), MSA.
193 "It won't be… this occasion." Ibid.
194 Details of British troops from O'Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, 224.
194 "With the present… of arms." Ibid., 163.
194 "If fifty thousand… far extended." Ibid.
Chapter 23: Despots
199 "charged with disobedience… in chief." Otho Williams to Elie Williams, letter, July 6, 1778, in Calendar of the General Otho Holland Williams Papers in the MHS (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Records Survey Project, 1940), 5.
199 "most important [trial] that has occurred so far." Ibid.
199 "Captain [Edward] Norwood… of honour." Maryland Gazette, January 5, 1779.
200 "for only saying… precarious tenure." Ibid.
200 "Your scurrilous observations… of camp." Maryland Officers to William Smallwood, March 1, 1780, in Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 183–85.
200 "not furnishing the… military manner." George Washington, General Orders, March 22, 1780, Papers of George Washington.
200 "Was present when…were frozen." Gassaway Watkins, Journal, MHS.
200 "in general the… and unmilitary." Washington, General Orders, March 22, 1780.
201 "painful as it… of orders." Ibid.; George Washington to Arthur St. Clair, February 24, 1780, Papers of George Washington.
201 "It is with… Excellency's orders." Mordecai Gist to George Washington, February 18, 1779, Gist Letterbook, Meyers Collection, New York Public Library.
201 "like those from a favorite son." Otho Holland Williams Papers, November 22, 1779, MHS.
201 Among them was Lieutenant James Peale, who resumed his life as an artist. Pension application of James Peale, NARA.
202 Details on substitutes from William Richardson to Governor, June 14, 1778, Maryland State Archives, MSA.
203 Inflation figures from O'Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, 147.
203 "a bad supper… thousand dollars!" Freidrich Kapp, The Life of John Kalb, Major-General in the Revolutionary Army (Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1884), 184.
204 "We have the… exorbitant prices." Michael S. Adelberg, The American Revolution in Monmouth County: The Theatre of Spoil and Destruction (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010), 65.
204 "Col. Gist has… at Middletown." Ibid., 66.
205 "continued very peaceable… was 22." William Beatty, Journal, MHS, 17.
Chapter 24: The Gibraltar of America-
The Midnight Storming of Stony Point
207 "Should there be… to death." General Anthony Wayne, Order of Battle, July 15, 1779, in Henry Dawson, The Assault on Stony Point (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1863), 38.
207 "The column was… the body." Hull Manuscript, Magazine of American History 28 (1892):182–83.
207 "You performed a… Be satisfied." Ibid.
207 "desperadoes led by officers of distinguished merit." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 305.
209 "like a parcel of devils." Woodhull to Malcolm, letter, 7 June 1779, in Henry Phelps Johnston, The Storming of Stony Point on the Hudson (New York: James T. White, 1900), 154.
209 "Pillars of Hercules… of America." Washington Irving, A History of New York, (Philadelphia: Inskeep & Bradford, 1809).
210 "The importance of… the fortifications." George Washington to Anthony Wayne, letter, July 1, 1779, in The Life of General Washington, First President of the United States, Charles Wentworth Upham, ed. (London: Office of the National Illustrated Library, 1851), 349.
211 "I have now… of them." Washington to Major Henry Lee Jr., letter, June 28, 1779, ibid., 348–49.
212 "What do you… Washington out?" McLane Manuscript, New-York Historical Society, NYHS.
212 "I know nothing… attempt impossibilities." Ibid.
212 "only obstructed by a slight abatis." George Washington to Anthony Wayne, letter, July 9, 1779, The Writings of George Washington, Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed. (New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons and Knickerbocker Press, 1890), 486–87.
212–13 "My ideas for… from them." George Washington to Anthony Wayne, letter, July 10, 1779, ibid.
213 "Conceal the intended… your hopes." Ibid.
213 Some information about Steward and Gassaway Watkins comes from the pension application of Michael Ellis, NARA: "He joined the Maryland troops at Wilmington on the Brandywine, then continued with them as a Volunteer till after the battle of Monmouth (not then enlisting) having escaped from on board a British man of War and landed at Chester on the Delaware and he was captured by said man of War (the Daphne a twenty gun sloop commanded by Capt. McKendrick) on a voyage from Charleston to Hispaniola and after the Battle of Monmouth he is listed in the 2nd Maryland Regiment Capt. Longs company, Long resigned shortly after he joined the Company and John Gassaway took the command of s'd company and I continued in said company about three years, that his company was at West Point when Wayne stormed Stony and some of the men of his company volunteered on that expedition. Woolford was the Colonel and John Stewart the Major of the Regiment to which this Company belonged that Stewart went with Wayne to storm Stony Point and was called by the British Lucy Jack as he understood."
213 "spoke very clever." Pension application of Vincent Vass, NARA.
214 Information about Elias Pollock from pension application of Elias Pollock, NARA.
214 "fresh shaved and well powdered." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 297.
214–15 "I must acknowledge… other Virtue." Anthony Wayne to George Washington, letter, July 4, 1779, in Paul David Nelson, Anthony Wayne, Soldier of the Early Republic (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1985), 3.
215 "We were to… our canteens," Pension application of Vincent Vass, NARA.
215 "much of the… the distance." Dawson, Assault on Stony Point, 41–42.
215 "Off we went…every difficulty." Pension application of Vincent Vass, NARA.
215 "I am called… Other World." Dawson, Assault on Stony Point, 46–47.
215 "we had white… our hats." Pension application of Vincent Vass, NARA.
215 "Guards were placed… person passing." Pension application of Robert Devin, NARA.
216 "I heard the… toward us." Court-martial of Lt. Col. Henry Johnson, Public Records Office (PRO), Kew.
216 "often courted Danger beyond his tour of Duty." Pension application of Richard Waters, NARA.
216 "Lotts were drawn… upon me." John Gibbon to Capt. Allan McLane, letter, November 27, 1871, McLane Papers, New-York Historical Society.
217 "[We] fired five or six rounds a man." Court-martial of Lt. Col. Henry Johnson, PRO.
217 "A large body… to defend." Ibid.
217 "passing the abatis… know it." Pension application of Noel Battles, NARA.
217 "[My commanding officer]… his firelock." Testimony of Lt. John Ross, court-martial of Lt. Col. Henry Johnson, PRO.
217–18 "[One of my men]… damned Scoundrel!" Ibid.
218 "The Cannon was… this time." Pension application of Thomas Pope, NARA.
218 "Seventeen out of… the three-pounder." Testimony of Lt. William Hornden, Royal Artillery, court-martial of Lt. Col. Henry Johnson, Public Records Office (PRO). The author accessed the originals, located in the Public Records Office in Kew. Most of the original language was retained, although some spelling was modernized and pronouns were occasionally changed from third to first person. Another fine book-Don Loprieno, The Enterprise in Contemplation: The Midnight Assault of Stony Point (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2009)-also contains a copy of Johnson's court-martial.
218 "The rebels are… [him] insensible." Court-martial of Lt. Col. Henry Johnson, PRO.
218 "Face the damn rascals!" Ibid.
219 "Damn ye, who are you!" Ibid.
219 "narrowly escaped from that party." Ibid.
219 "muddy to the… to rags." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 299.
219 "John O'Hara received… through life." Pension application of John O'Hara, NARA.
219 "Father Joseph Coffman… Stony Point." Pension application of Joseph Coffman, NARA.
219 "[I] escaped receiving… literally riddled." Pension application of Isaac Jackson, Virginia, NARA.
220 "in the hottest… the Slaughter." Pension application of Peter Francisco, NARA.
220 "spear in hand," Dawson, The Assault on Stony Point, 50.
220 "Forward, my brave fellows, forward!" Ibid.
220 "For God's sake… the water?" John Roberts, deposition, court-martial of Lt. Col. Henry Johnson, PRO.
221 "The Enemy were… the Barrier." Ibid.
221 "told us we… upper works." Deposition of Simon Davies, ibid.
221 "He ordered two… in front." Ibid.
221 "offered if we… the shipping." Ibid.
221 "Throw down your… our rear." Ibid.
221–22 "[I] forded a… I swam." Testimony of Lt. John Roberts of the Royal Artillery, ibid.
222 "The fort's our own!" Johnston, The Storming of Stony Point, 191.
222 "blares of Cannon… my thigh." Pension application of Vincent Vass, NARA, Fold3.
222 "My messmate Samuel… took place." Ibid.
222 "endured all the… was wounded." Pension application of Peter H. Triplett, NARA.
222 "Colonel Flury [de Fleury] struck the colors with his hands." Pension application of Vincent Vass, NARA.
222 Detail about de Fleury not accepting the bounty is from pension application of Thomas Craig, NARA.
222 Detail on bounty recipients from Ward, Delaware Continentals, 300.
223 "Quarters, quarters brave… quarter, quarter!" Pension application of Vincent Vass, NARA.
223 "I was far… ten yards." Julia Isabel Jarvis, Three Centuries of Robinsons: The Story of a Family (Toronto: J. Jarvis, 1967), 78–79.
223 Thirty-three minutes. A British soldier recalled that an American officer looked at his watch just before the assault. Court-martial of Lt. Col. Henry Johnson, PRO.
223 Additional detail on losses: The light infantry lost 15 men killed and 84 wounded, while the British lost 20 killed, 74 wounded, and 472 captured.
223 "Dear General,-The… be free." General Anthony Wayne's First Dispatch to General George Washington, in Henry B. Dawson, Battles of the United States (New York: Johnson, Fry, 1858), 524.
224 "were tried, Deserting… suffer Death." Edward Boynton, The History of West Point (Bedford, MA: Applewod Books, 1864), 83.
224 "At daylight the… the dead." Pension application of George Hood, April 23, 1829, NARA.
224 "It was a great… the Carolinas." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 537; Alexander Garden, Anecdotes of the American Revolution (Charleston, SC: A. E. Miller, 1828), 2:382.
Chapter 25: Interlude
226 "The situation of… a fortnight." George Washington to Caesar Rodney, in H. Niles, Principles and Acts of the Revolution (Baltimore, MD: 1822), 332.
226 "almost perishing." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 316
226–27 "They have borne… necessary subsistence." George Washington to John Trumbull, January 1780, in Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 366.
227 "The winter of… regiments mutinied." Pension application of John Boudy (Bondy, Bodray), NARA.
227 "the handkerchiefs covering… and brains." Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 150.
228 Information on Henry Carbery from William Thompson, Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Maryland (New York: New York Public Library, 1912), 285–86.
228 "northern army was… military name." Otho Holland Williams to Forrest, letter, April 28, 1784, Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
228 "A liberal dose… the trick." Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 99.
229 Information about Freemason members from William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons (Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., 1957) and Freemasons Grand Lodge of Maryland, Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Maryland (Baltimore: Griffin, Curley, 1887), 8.
229 "What we have… is immortal." Quote comes from noted Freemason Albert Pike, who was the only Confederate officer honored with an outdoor statue in Washington, DC
229–30 "Unhappily, the distinctions… in America." National Freemason 9, no. 9 (August 31, 1867):130.
230 "save us from… other Lodges." Ibid.
230 "When we contemplate… ancient fraternity." Ibid.
230 Details about Freemasons from Freemasons Grand Lodge of Maryland, Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Maryland, 8.
Chapter 26: The March South
235 Mileage marched from Kirkwood, Journal and Order Book, Delaware Historical Society. Three hundred fifty miles were deducted from the total for when the men sailed from Head of Elk to Petersburg, VA.
238 "a perfect Ariovistus, more than six feet tall." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 289.
238 "temperance, sobriety, and… in lodging." Ibid., 289–90.
238 "inquire into the intentions of the inhabitants." Kapp. The Life of John Kalb, 47.
239 "as a provision in case of my being taken prisoner." John Eager Howard to Sheldenmire Estate, May 26, 1809, Bayard Papers, MHS.
241 "The officers, however… them example." Otho Holland Williams, "A Narrative of the Campaign of 1780" (hereafter cited as Williams, "Narrative"), in William Johnson, Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene (Charleston, SC: A. E. Miller, 1822; reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1973), 488–99. (Hereafter cited as Johnson, Sketches.)
241 "The tick, a… these stings." Kapp, The Life of John Kalb, 200, 201.
242 "a vast number… the enemy." William Seymour, A Journal of the Southern Expedition, 1780–1783 (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1896).
242 "rum and rations." Williams, "Narrative," 486.
243 "As for this… catch him." George F. Scheer, The Elusive Swamp Fox (New York: American Heritage, 1958).
243–44 "Fearless and inexorable… British regulars." Robert D. Bass, Gamecock: The Life and Campaigns of General Thomas Sumter (Orangeburg, SC: Sandlapper, 1961; reprinted 2000).
Chapter 27: A "Jalap" and a Night March
245 "Instead of rum… to evacuate." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition.
245 "I will breakfast… my table." This quotation was passed down by legend, but may have been false. It was quoted in William Gilmore Simms, The Life of Nathanael Greene, Major General in the Army of the Revolution (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1884).
246 "fit for duty." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 352.
246 "Sir, it will be enough for our purpose." Johnson, Sketches, 485–500.
246 "overheard Gates and… battle plan." Pension application of Michael Awald, North Carolina Militia, 1832, NARA.
246 "Others could not… the enemy." Williams, "Narrative," in Johnson, Sketches, 493.
246–47 "Now, my brave… turn out." John Robert Shaw, A Narrative of the Life and Travels of John Robert Shaw, the Well-Digger, Now Resident in Lexington, Kentucky (Lexington, KY: Daniel Bradford, 1807).
247 "except a few… military stores." Ibid.
247 "executed their orders gallantly." Otho Holland Williams to his sister, letter, November 24, 1780, MHS.
247 "The enemy, no… of hostilities." Ibid.
247 "astonishment could not be concealed." Ibid.
248 "Well, And has… the Army?" Ibid.
248 "the unwelcome news" Ibid.
248 "Gentlemen, what is best to be done?" Ibid.
248 "remained mute for a few moments." Ibid.
248 "Gentlemen, is it… but fight?" Ibid.
Chapter 28: Camden
249 "Don't shoot until… their eyes." Pension application of Vincent Vass, NARA.
249 "We see them… as ours." Ibid.
249 "seemed disposed to… as possible!" Otho Holland Williams to his sister, letter, November 24, 1780, MHS.
250 "[We] formed the… of Day." Journal of Captain Robert Kirkwood, August 16, 1780, Delaware Historical Society.
250 "I believe my… killing me." Pension application of William Gipson, NARA.
250 "almost instantly collapsed… utmost consternation." Lt. Col. H. L. Landers, F.A., The Battle of Camden South Carolina August 16, 1780 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1929), 46.
250 "like electricity, it… it touches." Simms, The Life of Nathaniel Greene, 373.
250 "the action became… half an hour," Kirkwood, Journal.
251 "General Gist preserved… left division." Banastre Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (London: T. Cadell, 1787).
251 "the ugliest officer" in the British Army. John S. Pancake, This Destructive War: The British Campaign in the Carolinas, 1780–1782 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985), 193.
251 "The enemy threw… was [in] doubt." Matthew H. Spring, With Zeal and with Bayonets Only: The British Army on the Campaign in North America, 1775–1783 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010), 113–14.
251 "who had the… little emotion." Johnson, Sketches, 485–95.
251 "A dead calm… both sides." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 128.
251 "with great coolness… soldier remembers." Spring, With Zeal, 114.
252 "Volunteers of Ireland, you are fine fellows! Charge the rascals-By heaven, you behave nobly!" Ibid., 114; The London Chronicle 48, no. 3729 (October 26, 1780):398; extract from letter by officer in the Volunteers of Ireland to his friend in Glasgow, 25 August 1780.
252 "[De Kalb] fell into… and hands." Jim Piecuch, The Battle of Camden: A Documentary History (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006), 45–46.
252 "[I] called upon… with bayonets." Williams, "Narrative," 496.
252 "who, however, was not to be found." Johnson, Sketches, 496.
252–53 "The men, to… with them." Major Charles Magil to his father, letter, in Piecuch, Battle of Camden, 44.
253 "Rout and slaughter ensued in every quarter." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns.
253 "Brigadier General Gist… of battle." Ibid.
254 "I am sorry… of man." Rufus Wilmot Griswold, William Gilmore Simms, and Edward Duncan Ingraham, Washington and the Generals of the American Revolution (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1856), 271.
254 "I saw in… British troops." John J. Jacob, A Biographical Sketch in the Life of the Late Captain Michael Cresap (Cincinnati: J. F. Uhlhorn, 1866), 54. On John Eager Howard, see 42.
254 "who bore his part under Howard." William Calderhead, "Thomas Carney: Unsung Soldier of the American Revolution," Maryland Historical Magazine (1989): 119–26.
254 "I retreated with… a stand." Johnson, Sketches, 496–503.
254 "The cries of… [fled the battlefield]." Ibid.
255 Two hundred wagons and account of American plundering. Ibid.
255 "The road for… the Americans." Ibid.
255 "every day picking… of value." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 7.
256 "capturing some, plundering… they met." Johnson, Sketches, 496–503.
256 "[I] was wounded… three months." Pension application of James Gooding, NARA.
256 "Our Regiment was… bad company." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 538.
256 "a great number… mortifying picture." Williams, "Narrative," in Johnson, Sketches, 1:501.
257 "was pursued by… the woods." Pension application of Gassaway Watkins, NARA; J. D. Warfield, The Founders of Anne Arundel and Howard Counties, Maryland: A Genealogical and Biographical Review from Wills, Deeds, and Church Records (Baltimore: Kohn and Pollock, 1905), 413–15.
257 "I can give… the 21st." Kirkwood, Journal and Order Book.
257 "The fugitives from… and blankets." David Schenck, North Carolina 1780–1781: Being a History of the Invasion of the Carolinas (Raleigh, NC: Edwards and Broughton, 1889), 100.
257 "Attacked a Guard… Maryland line." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 591.
258 "His army is… before him." Spring, With Zeal, 73.
Chapter 29: "Lay Their Country Waste
with Fire and Sword"
259 "very much shattered… blood vessel." Anthony Allaire, "Diary of Lieut. Anthony Allaire," in Lyman Copeland Draper, King's Mountain and Its Heroes (Cincinnati: Peter G. Thomson, 1881), 506. Lyman Draper interviewed scores of veterans from the battle of King's Mountain and wrote the indispensable account of that battle.
259 Troop numbers from John Ferling, Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 416.
260 "whole country… of rebellion." Charles, Earl Cornwallis to Henry Clinton, letter, August 6, 1780, in Charles Ross, ed., Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis (London: J. Murray, 1859), 54.
261 "Major Ferguson joined… the militia." Allaire, "Diary," 505.
261 "If they do… and sword." Draper, King's Mountain, 169.
261–62 "Gentlemen: unless you… protect them." Virginia Gazette, November 11, 1780.
262 "dangerous example." Mark Mayo Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1973), 523.
262 "[They] appeared… the Carolinas." Draper, King's Mountain, 313.
262 "We were formidable…. to find." "Vance's Narrative of the Battle of King's Mountain," in David Schenck, ed., Narrative of the Battle of Cowan's Ford… and Narrative of the Battle of King's Mountain (Greensboro, NC: Reece and Elam, 1891), 28; John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas (New York: John Wiley, 1997), 232.
263 Information about rifles from
263 "I will not… Cornwallis's lines." Draper, King's Mountain, 229.
263 "How many are there of you?" Ibid., 230.
263 "Enough to whip… that mountain." Ibid., 230.
264 "Dismount and tie… your saddles." Ibid., 235.
264 "We got swords… the blacksmiths." Pension application of James P. Collins, NARA.
264 "We were paraded… escape suffering." Ibid.
264 "could not well… of 'coward.'" James P. Collins, Autobiography of a Revolutionary Soldier (Clinton, LA: Feliciana Democrat, 1859). Reprinted as A Revolutionary Soldier, John M. Roberts, ed. (New York: Arno Press, 1979), 259.
264 "Fresh prime your… he dies." Ibid.
264 "The orders were… "reload quick." Ibid., 260–61.
265 "Their great elevation… desired effect." Ibid.
265 "The fight seemed… his men." Ibid.
265 "Hurrah, my brave fellows! Advance!" Ibid.
265 "Give them Buford's play!" Ibid.
265 "[We] continued to… bad example." Scheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 419.
265 "Don't shoot! It… cease firing!" Draper, King's Mountain, 283.
265 "The poor Tories… every direction." Collins, Autobiography, 22.
266 "It appeared that… to pieces." Ibid., 261.
266 "The next morning… or dying." Ibid.
266 "The hogs in… every direction." Ibid.
266 "Several of the… the mire." Allaire, "Diary," 518.
267 "State legislatures, especially… Continental Regiments." Lawrence E. Babits, Long, Obstinate, and Bloody: The Battle of Guilford Courthouse (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 8.
267 "Just as such… hated Monster." General Gist to Colonel Mumford, October 24, 1780, Maryland Historical Magazine 4 (1909): 369–70.
267 "[King's Mountain] unhappily… of America." Clinton, The American Rebellion, 226.
Chapter 30: Washington's Best General
268 "intimated the… Gates's army." Johnson, Sketches, 1:502.
269 "six feet in… and corpulent." Buchanan, Road to Guilford Courthouse, 298.
269 "military exploits announce… of preparation." Henry Lee, The Revolutionary War Memoirs of General Henry Lee, Robert E. Lee, ed. (New York: 1869; reprint, Da Capo Press, 1998), 588.
269 "War was his… at it." Daniel Morgan to William Snickers, letter, January 26, 1781, New-York Historical Society (NYHS).
269–70 "in March 1778… your Country." George Washington to Nathanael Greene, letter, August 15, 1780, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 6:217.
270 "I'm well satisfied… of conduct." Buchanan, Road to Guilford Courthouse, 219.
Chapter 31: The Ragtag Army
273 "The officers have… military complexion." Nathanael Greene to Alexander Hamilton, letter, 10 January, 1781, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Harold C. Syrett and Jacob Cooke, ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961–79), 2:532.
273 "new lords, new laws." William Gordon, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the United States (London, 1788), 4:28.
273 "camp of repose." Nathanael Greene to Thomas Jefferson, letter, December 6, 1780, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 6:530–31.
274 Troop numbers. Ibid.
276 "either offensively or… possible precaution." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 369.
276 Information about Cornwallis's intelligence from Roderick MacKenzie, Strictures on Lt.-Col. Tarleton's History (London, 1787).
276 Information about Tarleton's strike from Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 220–23.
277 "Dear Tarleton, If… be lost." Robert D. Bass, The Green Dragoon: The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson (New York: Holt, 1957), 142–43.
277 "My Lord… King's Mountain." Ibid.
277 "Dear Tarleton… intentions perfectly." Ibid.
277 "Here we cannot… the Enemy." Daniel Morgan to Nathanael Greene, letter, January 4, 1781, Papers of Nathanael Greene.
277 "harass their rear… this way." Greene to Morgan, letter, January 8, 1781, in James Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan of the Virginia Line of the Army of the United States (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1856), 273.
278 "Col. Tarleton is… proper dismission [sic]." Greene to Morgan, letter, January 13, 1781, ibid., 275.
Chapter 32: Hunting the Hunter
279 Information about Morgan's sword from pension application of William Neal, NARA.
279 "of which only… one lash." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 393–94; Henry Lee, The American Revolution in the South, Robert E. Lee, ed. (New York: Arno Press, 1969), 580.
280 "Here is Morgan's grave or victory." Pension application of Dennis Tramell, December, 10 1833, NARA, Fold3.
280 "As to retreat… lives dearly." Johnson, Sketches, 1:576; Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 226.
281 "The [militia] were… his progress." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 226 and 222.
281 "Two of my Cosins… shattered Constitution." Pension application of Henry Wells, January 29, 1834, NARA, Fold3.
281 "I knew my… downright fighting." Don Higginbotham, Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 245.
282 "No burning, no… the country." Johnson, Sketches, 382.
282–83 "I shall never… gallant conduct." Thomas Young, "Memoirs of Major Thomas Young," Orion 3 (October and November 1843):85.
283 "sle[ep] a wink that night." Ibid.
283 "Boys, get up, Benny's Coming!" Joseph McJunkin, "Memoirs of Major Joseph McJunkin, Revolutionary Patriot," James Hoge Saye, ed. Richmond Watchman and Observer (1847): 38.
Chapter 33: Cowpens
284 "The enemy… of time." Collins, Autobiography.
284 Additional detail about the battle from Young, "Memoirs," 100.
284 "Aim for the men with the epaulets." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 374.
285 "fleetest race horses… the men." Pension application of Lawrence Everhart, NARA.
285 "information of the approach of the Enemy." Ibid.
285 "Do you expect… Tarleton, sir." Ibid.
285 "They are… by God!" Young, "Memoirs," 100.
287 "[Morgan] galloped along… their eyes." Ibid.
287 "with great firmness." Ibid.
287 "The British line… ever saw." Ibid.
287 "When they came… let fly." Lawrence E. Babits, A Devil of a Whipping: The Battle of Cowpens (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 90. This outstanding book is highly recommended for additional reading on the battle.
287 "[He] fixed his… officer fall." McJunkin, "Memoirs," 33.
287 "POP! POP! POP!" Young, "Memoirs," 100.
287 "the effect of… a recoil." Lee Revolutionary War Memoirs, 257.
287 "Two-thirds of… of privates." MacKenzie, Strictures on Lt. Col. Tarleton's History, 98.
287 "rent the air… their advance." Ibid., 97–98.
287 "The British approached… much slaughter." Daniel Morgan to Nathanael Greene, letter, January 19, 1781, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7:152–55.
288 "seven wounds on… brains." Incapacitated for nearly thirty days, Whelchel would survive the war. Pension application of James Kelly, NARA; pension application of John Whelchel, NARA; pension application of Joshua Palmer, NARA.
288 "Prime and load!… "Fire!" Babits, A Devil of a Whipping, 104.
288 Casualty information from Delaware muster rolls as calculated by Babits.
288 "with great bravery… and bloody." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 15; Stedman, The History of the Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American War, 321–22; MacKenzie, Strictures on Lt. Col. Tarleton's History, 98.
289 "[I] saw [Morgan]… of Cowpens." Pension application of Andrew Rock, NARA.
289 "thought the advance… this maneuver." Tarleton, A History of the Southern Campaign, 217.
289 "I had about… my flank." John Eager Howard to John Marshall, letter, 1804, Bayard Papers, MHS; Wyatt, Memoirs.
289 "soon removed [Morgan's]… that order." "John Eager Howard," in The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans with Biographical Sketches by Celebrated Authors (Philadelphia: Rice, Rutter & Co., 1865).
289 "Thinking that We… no order." Anderson, Personal Recollections, 209.
289 "Battalion! Halt! To the Right About,-Face!" Babits, A Devil of a Whipping, 116; Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin Baron von Steuben, Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States (Albany, NY: Daniel & Samuel Whiting, 1803), 46.
289 "perfectly formed." John Eager Howard to John Marshall, 1804, Bayard Papers, MHS; Wyatt, Memoirs.
289–90 "The enemy pressed… deadly fire." Papers of General Nathanael Greene, 7:159.
290 "They are coming… charge them." Johnson, Sketches, 1:381.
290 "Form, form, my… never beaten." Collins, Autobiography, 57; Johnson, Sketches, 1:380.
290 "powerful and trumpet-like… every arm." Pension application of Henry Wells, January 29, 1834, NARA.
290 "We then advanced… right flank." Collins, Autobiography, 57.
290 "close and murderous." Anderson, Personal Recollections, 209.
290 "Nearly half of the Redcoats." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 257; Hugh McCall, The History of Georgia, 2 vols. (Savannah: Seymour and Williams, 1811), 507–8.
290 "threw down their… their faces." John R. Shaw, A Narrative of the Life and Travels of John Robert Shaw (Lexington, KY: Daniel Bradford, 1807), 54–55.
290 "The order was obeyed with great alacrity." Anderson, Personal Recollections, 209.
290 "in amongst them… infantry prisoners." Ibid.
290 "Officers and men… or fear." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 15.
290 "received three severe… by bayonet." Pension application of John Bantham, April 2, 1818, NARA, M804.
290 "in the thigh… through it." Pension application of Cudbeth Stone, NARA.
291 "seeing the fortune… had changed." Gordon, History, 4:34–35; Stedman, History, 322–23.
291 "in a panic… rout ensued." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 217.
291 "about to put… the gun." Anonymous, "The Account of Richard Anderson," Niles Weekly Register, 32 (May 19, 1827):200.
291 "I saw some… his match." Wyatt, Memoirs, 74
291 "[Till all] were either killed or wounded." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 217.
291 "received a severe… left arm." Pension application of Andrew Rock, NARA.
291–92 "with his Sword… my Sholder." Pension application of Henry Wells, NARA.
292 "Tarleton's quarters." Young, "Memoirs," 101.
292 "Surrender! Lay down your arms!" Wyatt, Memoirs, 74; John Eager Howard to John Marshall, letter, 1804, Bayard Papers, MHS.
292 "Upon getting on… was about." Wyatt, Memoirs, 74.
292 "they had orders… him ill." Ibid.
292 "[They] broke, and… of running." Young, "Memoirs," 101.
292 "forsake their leader and left the field of battle." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 217–18.
292 "Buford's Play!" Quoting Lawrence Everhart, who was then Tarleton's prisoner, pension application of Lawrence Everhart, NARA.
293 "Some officers went… the flight." George Hanger, An Address to the Army (London: James Ridgway, 1789), 109–10.
293 "Fourteen officers and… brave men." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 218.
293 "perhaps 30 yards." John Eager Howard to John Marshall, letter, 1804, Bayard Papers, MHS; Wyatt, Memoirs.
293 "saw the American… at him." Wyatt, Memoirs.
293 "Tarleton made a… he parried." Ibid.
293 "The officer of… disabled him." Ibid.; Johnson, Sketches, 382–83.
293 "The noble animal… its rider." Wyatt, Memoirs.
293–94 "[Everhart] pointed out… the Surgeons." Pension application of Lawrence Everhart, NARA.
294 "should have escaped… unfortunate carcass." Murtie June Clark, Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1981), 245; Ward, Delaware Continentals, 536–38.
294 "My love for… love Dougherty." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 538.
294 "[I] resolved upon… contained gold." Young, "Memoirs," 101.
294–95 "[I] put spurs… horse's neck." Ibid., 101–2.
295 "[We were] instrumental… day's Work." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition,15; Anderson, Personal Recollections, 209.
295 "You have done… shooting me." Cary Howard, "John Eager Howard," Maryland Historical Magazine 62 (September 1967):303.
295 "Our poor fellows… of clothes." Samuel Shaw, "Revolutionary War Letters to Captain Winthrop Sargent," Pennsylvania Magazine (1946):321.
295 Information on Amercian casualties from John Eager Howard to John Marshall, letter, 1804, Bayard Papers, MHS; and Wyatt, Memoirs. The American losses may have not included the militia and therefore were likely higher.
295 Information on British casualties from Daniel Morgan to Nathanael Greene, January 19, 1781, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7:152; Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, also gives similar figures.
296 "I was left… two waiters." Pindell, "Militant Surgeon."
Chapter 34: "To Follow Greene's Army
to the End of the World"
297 Scene between Tarleton and Cornwallis from Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 220; Franklin and Mary Wickwire, Cornwallis (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), 268–69.
298 "You have forfeited… the 17th." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 222.
299 "teeth as white… past age." Buchanan, Road to Guilford Courthouse, 336.
299 "Lord Cornwallis sett… a murmur." Charles O'Hara, "Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton," George C. Rogers Jr., ed., South Carolina Historical Magazine 65, no. 3 (July 1964):174.
299 "Without Baggage, necessaries… the world." Ibid.
299 "one pair of spare soles." Cornwallis to Germaine, letter, March 17, 1781, Cornwallis Papers, UK Public Record Office (PRO); and The Cornwallis Papers: The Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary War (South Carolina Naval & Military Press, 2010).
300 "The sources of the most infamous plundering." A. R. Newsome, "British Orderly Book," North Carolina Historical Review 9 (1932):291–92 and 378.
300 "I am not… the Country." Nathanael Greene to Isaac Huger, letter, January 29, 1781, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7:220–22.
300 "Cornwallis will push on." Daniel Morgan to Nathanael Greene, ibid., 7:178, 200–201.
300 "filling up all… obstruction imaginable." Ibid.
301 "a very Heavy… for Desertion." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS.
301 "drunk all your… than ever." Otho Holland Williams to Daniel Morgan, letter, January 25, 1781, in James Graham, Life of General Daniel Morgan (New York: Darby and Jackson, 1856), 323.
301 "Feu de Joy." Beatty describes the men firing their muskets in a line of succession to celebrate the victory at Cowpens.
Chapter 35: "Saw 'Em Hollerin' and
a Snortin' and a Drownin'"
302 "that tho' Genl…. on it." Archibald D. Murphey, The Papers of Archibald D. Murphey, William Henry Hoyt, ed. (Raleigh, NC: E. M. Uzzell & Co., 1914 )2:257.
303 "We went up… more whisky." Robert Henry, Narrative of the Battle of Cowan's Ford, February 1st, 1781 (Reece & Elam, 1891).
303 "The British! The British!" Ibid.
303 "Lord Cornwallis, according… after them." Roger Lamb, British Soldier's Story: Roger Lamb's Narrative of the American Revolution, Don N. Hagist, ed. (Baraboo, WI: Ballindalloch Press, 2004).
303 "Fire away, boys! Help is at hand!" Ibid.
303 "[I] fired and… return fire." Henry, Narrative.
304 "rolled with him… forty yards." Lamb, British Soldier's Story.
304 "There wasn't many… off bank." Henry, Narrative.
304 "It's time to run, Bob!" Ibid.
304 "not less than… his home." Ibid.
304–5 "In February, the… and Morgan." Watkins, "An Interesting Personal Record."
305 "We marched all… come up." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 396.
305 "[We were] in… them barefoot." Ibid.
305 "every step being… the way." Thomas Anderson, Journal of Lieutenant Anderson of the Delaware Regiment, 1780–1782 (Morrisiana, NY: Henry B. Dawson, 1867), 209.
305–6 "More than one-half… their waists." Nathanael Greene to Abner Nash, letter, January 7, 1781, and Greene to Thomas Sumter, January 15, 1781, Greene Letterbook, New York Public Library, 37–46 and 74–75.
306 "rheumatic from head to toe." Higginbotham, Daniel Morgan, 152.
306 "violently attacked with the piles [hemorrhoids]." Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7.
307 "His pen never… immediately resumed." John S. Pancake, This Destructive War: The British Campaign in the Carolinas, 1780–1782 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985), 165.
307 "from Cornwallises pushing… capital misfortune." Nathanael Greene to Isaac Huger, letter, February 5, 1781, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7:251.
Chapter 36: The Race to the Dan
308 "If I should… must fall." Nathanael Greene to Thomas Sumter, February 9, 1781, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7: 152–89.
308 "avoid a general action at all Events." Papers of Nathanael Greene, 13:297.
308 "Great god what… more men?" Daniel Morgan to Thomas Jefferson, letter, February 1, 1781, Julian P. Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 41 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950), 4:495–96.
309 "Great generals are… be found." Nathanael Greene to Daniel Morgan, August 26, 1781, in Graham, Life of General Daniel Morgan, 395.
309 Details on reinforcements from Orderly Book, Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
310 Distance traveled from Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: the Continental Army and the American Character, 1775–1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 241.
310 "We marched from… light troops." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 297.
310 "Accident informed me… a Bridge." Otho Williams to Nathanael Greene, letter, February 11, 1781, Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7:283.
310 "The enemy was… to escape." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 241.
311 "note on paper… his friends." Ibid., 242.
311 "had not slept four hours." George W. Greene, Life of Nathanael Greene, Major-General in the Army of the Revolution (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), 151.
311 "North Carolina militia… more critical." Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7:285.
311 "My Dr General… of that?" Ibid.
311–12 "More than once… Irwin's Ferry." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 243–44.
312 "deep and broken… with alacrity." Ibid., 248.
312 "The greater part… is clear." Papers of Nathanael Greene, 7:287
312 "became renovated in… the body." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 249.
312 "Every measure of… vigorously executed." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 229.
312 "Notwithstanding the Enemies… of [territory]." Papers of Captain William Beatty, MHS PAM 10,699.
Chapter 37: Guilford Courthouse-
"A complicated Scene of Horror and Distress"
313 "in a great rage for battle." Pension application for David Williams, August 23, 1832, NARA.
313 "My brave boys… before night." Ibid.
313 "scarlet uniforms, burnished… the breeze." Eli W. Caruthers, Revolutionary Incidents and Sketches in Character Chiefly in the Old North State, Ruth F. Thompson, ed. (Greensboro, NC: Guilford County Geological Society, 1994), 134.
313–14 "You hear damnation… two fires." Ibid.
314 "We marched yesterday… strong enough." Buchanan, Road to Guilford Courthouse, 369.
314 "If [the militia]… our hopes." Daniel Morgan to Nathanael Greene, letter, February 20, 1781, Papers of General Nathanael Greene, 7:324.
314 "Put the rifleman… who runs." Ibid.
316–17 "killed by the… the body." Caruthers, Revolutionary Incidents, 142.
317 "[We were] in… nicest precision." Roger Lamb, An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences during the Late American War (Dublin: Wilkinson and Courtney, 1809), 361.
317 "armor which was… momentary disorder." Caruthers, Revolutionary Incidents, 142.
317 "most galling and… the spot." Schenck, North Carolina, 349–52.
317 "After they delivered… his cradle." Caruthers, Revolutionary Incidents, 134.
317 "At this awful… anxious suspense." Lamb, Original and Authentic Journal, 361.
317 "Come on, my brave Fuzileers[!]" Ibid.
318 "[The men] broke… by dogs." St. George Tucker to Francis Bland Tucker, letter, March 18, 1781, in Magazine of American History 7 (1881):39.
318 "Some made such… like heroes." Samuel Houston, Journal, in William Henry Foote, Sketches of Virginia, Historical and Biographical, 2nd series (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1855), 146–47.
318 "Riflemen and musketry… the enemy." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 378–79.
318 "fired away fifteen… per man." St. George Tucker to Francis Tucker, letter, March 17, 1781, in Magazine of American History 7 (1881):39.
318 "[They] continued their… ever heard." Otho Williams to E. Williams, letter, March 16, 1781, Williams Papers, MHS.
319 "All [the] officers were wounded." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 275.
319 "I saw Lord… the woods." Lamb, Original and Authentic Journal, 362.
319 "The first [Maryland]… 1st regt." John Eager Howard to John Marshall, letter, 1804, Bayard Papers, MHS.
320 "flattering himself with… finishing blow." Scheer and Ranken, Rebels and Redcoats, 449.
320 "Ford ordered a… some distance." Pension application of William Davie, NARA.
320 "The Second has… was ordered." Williams Papers, MHS.
321 "Col. Morris calling… to retire." Nathanael Greene to Samuel Huntington, letter, March 16, 1781, and Greene to Catherine Greene, letter, March 18, 1781, Papers of General Nathanael Greene, 7:433–34 and 446.
321 "Capt. Gibson, Deputy… take them." Gunby, Colonel John Gunby, 51; John Eager Howard to John Marshall, letter, 1804, Bayard Papers, MHS.
321 "Face about." Ibid.
321 "[We] immediately engaged… continued firing." John Eager Howard to John Marshall, 1804, Bayard Papers, MHS.
321 "They fired at… to meet." Thomas Baker, Another Such Victory (New York: Eastern Acorn Press, 1981), 65; pension application of Daniel Spence, July 3, 1845, NARA.
321 "were thrown into confusion by a heavy fire." Charles, Earl Cornwallis to George Germain, March 17, 1781, Cornwallis Papers, UK Public Record Office (PRO).
322 "The swords of… lay dead." Pension application of Philemon Holcombe, April 14, 1834, NARA.
322 "[I] was wounded… to others." Pension application of Peter Francisco, NARA.
322 "bore a conspicuous part as a soldier… when the Maryland troops came to the charge, he bayonetted seven of the enemy." National Intelligencer 13 (February 1837).
322 "They bayoneted and… British Guards." Otho Holland Williams to Josias Hall, letter, March 1781, Otho Williams Papers, MHS.
322 "an accidental… [at Elizabethtown, New Jersey]." Pension application of James Nowell, February 21, 1811, NARA.
323 "Smith and… only stunned him." Samuel Mathis to William R. Davie, June 26, 1819, in Revolutionary Sketches of William R. Davie, Blackwell P. Robinson, ed. (Raleigh, NC: Archives and History, 1976).
323 "a cannon's being… much injured since." Pension application of James Gooding, June 18, 1821, NARA.
324 "The Maryland brigade… great slaughter." Henry B. Carrington, Battles of the American Revolution (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1904), 561.
324 "I observed Washington's… the guards." Wyatt, Memoirs, 75–76.
324 "The whole were in our power." Ibid.; John Eager Howard, Bayard Papers, MHS.
324 "At this period… each army." Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 281.
324 "Columns of the… we retired." Howard, Bayard Papers, MHS; Wyatt, Memoirs, 75–76.
324 "with greatest alacrity." John Hairr, Guilford Courthouse (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), 129.
325 "The artillery horses… and regularity." Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
325–26 "There were two… the village." Caruthers, Revolutionary Incidents, 164–65.
326 Casualty information from Cornwallis Papers, PRO 30/11/65 and PRO 30/11/103.
326 "a violent and constant rain." "Letters of Charles O'Hara," 177–78.
326 "40 hours." Ibid.
326–27 "I never did… the Wounded." Ibid.
327 "The night was… military life." Stedman, The History of the Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American War, Volume 2.
328 "rogues and idiots." Richard M. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution (New York: Holt, 2004), 141.
Chapter 38: Hobkirk's Hill
329 Details about Oldham from Francis Bernard Heitman, Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783 (Washington, DC: F. B. Heitman, 1893), 312.
329–30 "To the name… of fame." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 362.
331 "scattering fire was kept up all night." Kirkwood, Journal.
331 "[We] had a smart… the Army." Ibid.
332 "Burnt a House… Enemy's Redoubts." Ibid.
332 "The ugliest officer in the British Army." Pancake, This Destructive War, 193.
332 "By arming our… sick soldiers." Lord Francis Rawdon's Report on the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill,
333 "filing close to the swamps." Ibid.
333 "were still washing… joined us." John Eager Howard to John Gunby, letter, March 22, 1782, Bayard Papers, MHS.
334 "heavy showers of Grape." Rawdon to Cornwallis, April 26, 1781, in The Remembrancer, or Impartial Repository of Public Events for the Year 1783, pt.1 (London: J. Debrett, 1783), 1.
334 "[It] put the… of them." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 25.
334 "universal blaze of… his soul." Pension application of Guilford Dudley, October 12, 1832, NARA.
334 "The Enemy were staggered… left retiring." Nathanael Greene to Samuel Huntington, April 27, 1781, Papers of General Nathanael Greene, 8:158.
334 "to charge bayonets without firing." Otho Holland Williams to his brother Elie Williams, letter, April 27, 1781,
334 "an ornament to his profession." Nathanael Greene to Samuel Huntington, April 27, 1781, Papers of General Nathanael Greene, 8:157.
334 "the promising young… amiable girl." Otho Holland Williams to his brother Elie Williams, letter, April 27, 1781.
334 "confusion and [the men] dropped out of line." Gunby, Colonel John Gunby, 73.
335 "exerting himself." John Eager Howard to John Gunby, March 22, 1782, Bayard Papers, MHS.
335 "I aided the… personal exertions." Pindell, "Militant Surgeon," 318.
335 "ordered him to… the cannon." Samuel Mathis, letter, 1819, in Thomas J. Kirkland and Robert MacMillan Kennedy, Historic Camden, Volume 1 (reprint, Nabu Press, 2012).
336 "fought like bulldogs… of action." Ibid.
336 "hung around his neck in his bosom." Ibid.
336–37 "A number… as Deserters." Rawdon to Cornwallis, April 26, 1781, in The Remembrancer, 2.
337 "The dye is… became swelled." Pindell, "Militant Surgeon," 309–10.
337 "Ford died a… still left." Otho Holland Williams to his brother Elie Williams, letter, April 27, 1781.
337 "If white men… to him." Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
337 "that Capt. Smith… for mercy." Samuel Mathis, letter, 1819.
338 "Nothing can be… the army." Babits, Long, Obstinate, and Bloody, 183.
338 "all the most obnoxious loyalists." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 345.
338 "commandant of the… and wounded." Pension application of Guilford Dudley, NARA.
338 "a smile of complacency." Ibid.
338 "We fight, get beat, rise and fight again." Nathanael Greene to George Washington, May 1, 1781, in Correspondence of the American Revolution, Jared Sparks, ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1853), 3:299.
338 "feel the Effects of British tiriny," Williams Papers, MS908, MHS.
338 "stripped him, bound… bare back." Johnson, Sketches, 2:97.
Chapter 39: Ninety Six
339 "[Ninety Six] must be… upon it." Cornwallis Papers, PRO.
340 carried to 96… that place." Pension application of Major Joseph McJunkin, NARA.
343 "amid the thunder… every side." Scharf, History of Maryland, 422.
343 "carried… on his shoulder… was stationed." National Intelligencer (February 1837):247.
344 "in an attempt… Breast works." Pension application of Ransom Day, NARA.
344 "a [musket] ball… his shoulder." Alexander Garden, Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War in America (1822; reprint, London: Forgotten Books, 2013), 408–9.
344 "To this end… be quick.'" Ibid.
344 "got his skull bone broke." Pension application of John Bantham, NARA, S44344, transcribed and annotated by C. Leon Harris.
344 "had a furlough… his wound." Pension application of Briant Munrow, NARA, S34444, transcribed and annotated by C. Leon Harris.
345 "Gloom and silence… the troops." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 130.
346 "Army in good… constantly saddled." Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
346 "Never did we… our epicures." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 145.
347 "We fought the… of America." Johnson, Sketches, 2:220.
347 "Hundreds of my… their guns." Ibid.
347 "rendered it impossible [to scout], by waylaying the bye-paths and passes through the different swamps." Bruce Lancaster, The American Revolution (New York: American Heritage, 1971), 307.
Chapter 40: Eutaw Springs
348 "Most of [them]… or captured." Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 31.
349 "determined to fight… dangerous consequences." Alexander Stewart to Charles, Earl Cornwallis, letter, September 9, 1781, in K. G. Davies, ed., Documents of the American Revolution, 21 vols. (Dublin: Irish University Press, 1972–1981), 20:227.
349 "We halted and… such occasions." Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
349 "The militia advancing… his position." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 284.
350 "through a heavy… before them." Ibid., 465.
350 "Let Williams advance… his bayonet." Scharf, History of Maryland, 334.
350 "fell transfixed by each other's bayonets." Lee, Revolutionary War Memoirs, 283.
350 "I pushed on… guard them." Pindell, "Militant Surgeon," 319.
351 "nearly all his… or wounded." Ibid.
351 Details about incident at the Roche house from Patrick O'Kelley, Nothing But Blood and Slaughter: Military Operations and Order of Battle of the Revolutionary War in the Carolinas (booklocker.com, 2005), 3:352.
351–52 "took off his… wounding him." Ibid., 3:351.
352 "taking a nail… no more." Draper, King's Mountain, 354.
352 "drew all the fire from the windows." Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
352 "soon killed or disabled nearly the whole." Ibid.
352 "galling and destructive fire." Ibid.
352 "could not be… many hours." Pindell, Militant Surgeon, 319.
353 "gallant band… rushed furiously." Ibid.
353 "Victory is ours… the battlefield]." Otho Holland Williams Papers, MHS.
354 "not less than… carry off." Nathanael Greene, Report of Eutaw Springs, September 11, 1781, Papers of the Continental Congress, NARA.
Chapter 41: "Conquer or Die"-Yorktown
355 Details about the makeup of the Life Guard from Fred Anderson Berg, comp., Encyclopedia of Continental Army Units, Battalion, Regiments, and Independent Corps (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1972), 135.
355 "sobriety, honesty and… and spruce." Fitzpatrick, Writings of George Washington, 388.
356 "I thank you… of Baltimore." Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 191.
357 "The loss of… the army." Don Cook, The Long Fuse: How England Lost the American Colonies, 1760–1785 (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995), 347.
357 The estimates about the number of French troops have varied over time. Initially estimates were lower, but a more scholarly analysis has revealed the number to be closer to seven thousand. The numbers of American troops are also debatable. The author used Jerome Greene's Guns of Independence for a source. John Furling's Almost a Miracle was also referenced. Cornwallis's numbers came from his official papers and included sailors although his actual effective force strength was much lower during the battle.
358 "largely indebted for… my table." Mordecai Gist to Sim Lee, letter, August 7, 1781, in William Hand Browne, Archives of Maryland (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1930), 47:398.
358 "the safe arrival… the line." Scharf, History of Maryland, 467.
358 "Every day we… encounter them." Ibid., 460.
359 "hem me in… could be." Charles Cornwallis, Correspondence, Charles Ross, ed. (London: John Murray, 1859), 1:95.
359 "in distress for… any kind." Sir Henry Clinton, The Campaign in Virginia 1781 (London: Benjamin Franklin Stevens, 1888), 1:477.
360 "I am now… six weeks." Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 349.
360 "As soon as… whole outworks." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 472.
361 "This place is… the worst." Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 349.
361 Source for the units at Yorktown: National Park Service Yorktown Order or Battle. "Colonel Cobb, if… step back." Washington Irving, The Life and Times of Washington (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1876), 618.
361–62 "My dear General,… you yet." Ibid.
362 "It is a spent… is done." Ibid.
362 "I feel great… honorable peace." Mordecai Gist Papers, MSA.
362 "General Washington ordered… the redoubts." Pension application of John Boudy (Bondy, Bodray), NARA. The author has not been able to verify Boudy's account, and it is unknown whether other Marylanders participated in the attack.
362 "We dare not… save us." Charles Edward Cornwallis to Sir Henry Clinton, letter, October 15, 1781, in Cornwallis, Correspondence, 1:124.
363 "[The fortifications] were… remained." Lamb, Original and Authentic Journal, 378–79.
363 "On one side… manner attended." Henry Phelps Johnston, The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1881), 167, quoted in Jerome Green, The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781 (El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2009), 295.
363–64 "We are not… and despair." Ibid., 294–95.
364 "The British officers… of fortitude." Ibid., 299.
364 "His defense of… determined Officer." Mordecai Gist to John Sterrett, October 12, 1781, Mordecai Gist Papers, MHS.
Chapter 42: The Last Battle
369 "[The British] being… our hands." W. Wilmot, "A Letter from the South," Maryland Historical Magazine 5, no. 4 (December 1910):330–40.
369 "naked and full of vermin." Ward, Delaware Continentals, 474.
370 "strike at [the British]… find them." William Pierce Jr. to Mordecai Gist, letter, August 23, 1782, Mordecai Gist Papers, MHS.
370 "[The surrounding area was]… impracticable." Mordecai Gist to John Sterrett, letter, April 12, 1782, Mordecai Gist Papers, MHS.
370 "surrendered unconditionally to… became engaged." Margaret Oswald Chew Howard, MSA.
371 "love of adventure." Scharf, History of Maryland, 489.
371 "The enemy was… 'four balls.'" Francis B. Culver, "The Last Bloodshed of the Revolution," Maryland Historical Magazine 5, no. 4 (December 1910):330–40.
371 "our Colonel Laurens… six privates." Pension application of John Boudy, NARA.
371 "This was the last… American War." Johnson, Sketches, 345.
371 "evening given in… then died." Charlestown (South Carolina) Gazette, March 25, [1783].
372 "This gentlemen, whose… the army." Ibid.
372–73 "The British moved… hearty welcome." Pension application of John Boudy, NARA.
373 "declaring the cessation… Britannic Majesty." "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1785," Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1785, 34 vols. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904–1937), 24:24.
373 "His Britannic majesty… part thereof." Ibid., 26:238.
373 "with unfeigned satisfaction… her commerce, her future grandeur and importance in the scale of nations." Scharf, History of Maryland, 491.
Chapter 43: "Omnia Reliquit Servare Rempublicam"
375 "The United States… your communications." Scharf, History of Maryland, 499.
375–76 "retiring from the… public life." Ibid., 499–500.
376 "Few tragedies ever… of Congress." Ibid., 500.
376 "I feel eased… domestic virtues." Ibid., 501.
376 Information about the Society of the Cincinnati. Ibid., 502.
377 "to preserve the… their orphans." Ibid.
379 "a cross, morose… speaking terms." Williams Whiteley, "Revolutionary Soldiers of Delaware," read before the two houses of the Delaware legislature, February 15, 1875, 47–48.
379 Information about Philpot's nightmares from pension application of Bryan Philpot, NARA.
380 "so poor and… small Bag." Pension application of George Dias, NARA.
380 "unable to do… one plow." Pension application of Thomas Carney, NARA.
381 "was often heard… Maryland Regiment." Field, The Battle of Long Island.
381 "the bones of… military order." U.S. National Park Service Historical Orientation Report for Archaeological Investigation, Marylanders' Burial Site, Brooklyn, NY, Appendix.
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