A
ABODA ZARA. A. tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
ABOT DIR(ABBI) NATHAN. Ed. by Solomon Schechter, Vienna, 1887. Photostatic reprint, New York, 1945. This edition contains both versions of the book, which is a midrash of Tannaitic origin with many subsequent additions. Quoted by page.
ACTS OF ST. THOMAS. See Gospel of St. Thomas.
ADAMBUCH. Das christliche Adambuch des Morgenlandes. Aus dem Äthiopischen mit Bemerkungen übersetzt von A. Dillmann, Göttingen, 1853. An apocryphal Book of Adam, preserved in an Ethiopic text of the sixth century.
ADAMSCHRIFTEN. Die Apokryphischen Gnostischen Adamschriften. Aus dem Armenischen übersetzt und untersucht von Erwin Preuschen, Giessen, 1900. An apocryphal Book of Adam preserved in an Armenian text.
AGADAT BERESHIT. A late Hebrew midrash containing homilies on Genesis, based mainly on the Tanhuma (see Tanhuma Buber). Edited by Solomon Buber, Cracow, 1903. Photostatic reprint, New York, 1959.
AGADAT SHIR HASHIRIM. A tenth-century midrash on Canticles. Quoted by page of Solomon Schechter's edition, Cambridge, 1896.
AGUDAT AGADOT. Ed. Ch. M. Horowitz, Frankfurt a. M., 1881.
ALPHA BETA DIBEN SIRA. Two versions, one (a) in Aramaic and one (b) in Hebrew, of alphabetically arranged proverbs with explanations, attributed to Jesus ben Sira, author of the apocryphal Ecclesiasticus, but in fact a much later compilation. Quoted by folio of Steinschneider's edition, Berlin, 1858; or, if so stated, by page and column of Otzar Midrashim (q.v.).
ANET. See Pritchard.
APOC. OF ABRAHAM. An apocryphal book written originally in Hebrew or Aramaic in the late first century A.D. Ed. by George Herbert Box, London, 1918.
APOC. OF BARUCH, or 2 Baruch. An apocryphal book, written originally in Hebrew by orthodox Jews of the first century A.D. Extant in a Syriac version. See Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Oxford, 1913, Vol. ii. pp. 470–526.
APOC. MOSIS. Apocalypse of Moses, ed. L. F. C. von Tischendorf, in his Apocalypses Apocryphae.
APOC. OF MOSES. Ed. Charles. See R. H. Charles (ed.), The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Vol. ii. pp. 138 ff.
APPU FROM SHUDUL. A Hittite myth. Summarized by Th. H. Gaster in his The Oldest Stories in the World, New York, 1952, pp. 159–67, under the title 'Master Good and Master Bad'.
ARABIAN NIGHTS, or the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Original title: Alf Layla Walayla ('A Thousand and One Nights'). A huge Arabic collection of early mediaeval folk stories.
ASCENSION OF ISAIAH. An apocryphal book composed of three parts: the Martyrdom of Isaiah, the Vision of Isaiah, and the Testament of Hezekiah. The first of these is of Jewish origin from the first century A.D.; the other two were the work of Christian writers. See Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Vol. ii. pp. 155 ff.
ASENATH, PRAYER OF. See Joseph and Asenath.
AZULAI, ABRAHAM, HESED LEABRAHAM. A kabbalistic work of a sixteenth-century commentator. Printed in Wilna, 1877.
B
B. Bavli (Babylonian). The Babylonian Talmud, compiled in Babylonia around 500 A.D. Written partly in Hebrew, but mostly in Aramaic. Quoted by tractate (whose title follows the abbreviation B.) and folio.
BABA BATHRA. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
BABA KAMMA. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
BABA METZIA. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
BARAITA DIMASS. NIDDA. See Tosephta Atiqta.
BARAITA DIMAASE BERESHIT, ed. Chones, in Buber, Yeri'ot Shelomo, Warsaw, 1896, pp. 47–50. Photostatic reprint, New York, 1959.
2 BARUCH. See Apoc. of Baruch.
BATE MIDRASHOT. A collection of minor midrashim, compiled and edited by Shelomo Aharon Wertheimer, Jerusalem, 1914. Quoted by page of the second, 2-vol. edition, Jerusalem, 1953.
BEKHOROT. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
BERAKHOT. A tractate of the Babylonian and of the Palestinian Talmud. See B. and Yer.
BERESHIT RABBATI. A midrash on Genesis, abridged from a longer lost midrash compiled by Rabbi Moshe Hadarshan in the first half of the eleventh century at Narbonne. Quoted by page of Hanoch Albeck's edition, Jerusalem, 1940.
BEROSSUS'S BABYLONIAN HISTORY. Fragmentarily preserved in the works of Josephus Flavius, Eusebius, etc. Berossus himself was a priest of Bel in Babylonia during the third century B.C.
BHM. Beth HaMidrash, ed. by Adolph Jellinek, 6 vols., Leipzig, 1853–77; photostatic reprint, Jerusalem, 1938. A collection of 100 minor midrashim.
BOOK OF ADAM. See Adambuch.
BOOK OF THE DEAD. A collection of Egyptian funerary texts, covering a period of four thousand years. The Theban recension (from the 18th, 21st, and 22nd dynasties) was translated in Sir E. A. Wallis Budge's The Book of the Dead, 2nd ed., 1923.
BOOK OF ENOCH. See Enoch.
BOOK OF JUBILEES. See Jubilees.
C
CAVE OF TREASURES. See Schatzhöhle.
CHRONICON PASCHALE. Also known as the Alexandrian Chronicle, a seventh-century Byzantine chronicle of Biblical and other events from the Creation to Emperor Heraclius. Ed. by D. du Cange, Paris, 1688.
CHWOLSON, DANIEL A., Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus. St. Petersburg, 1856, 2 vols.
CLEMENTINE HOMILIES. An early third-century A.D. Christian tract written probably in Syria. See Ante-Nicene Christian Library, vol. xvii, Edinburgh, 1870.
D
DA'AT. Sepher Da'at Zeqenim, Ofen, 1834 (first published in Leghorn, 1783). A compilation of midrashic commentaries on the Pentateuch.
DAMASCIUS. Greek philosopher, born c. 480 A.D. in Damascus. Extant fragments of his writings include part of a life of Isidore (one of his teachers) and Doubts and Solutions Respecting the First Principles, ed. by C. E. Ruelle, 1889.
DEUT. RAB. Deuteronomy Rabba, a midrash on Deuteronomy, compiled c. 900 A.D. Quoted by chapter and paragraph of the Wilna, 1884, edition.
DILLMANN, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH AUGUST, Genesis. Edinburgh, 1897.
DIODORUS SICULUS. Greek historian, born in Agyrium, Sicily, flourished around 20 B.C. His Historical Library, originally in forty books, is only partly preserved and published (with translation) in the Loeb Classical Library.
DOUGHTY, CHARLES M., Travels in Arabia Deserta, London, 1888.
E
ECCL. RAB. Ecclesiastes Rabba. A midrash on Ecclesiastes, compiled in the tenth century. Quoted by chapter and verse of Ecclesiastes, from the Wilna, 1884, edition.
EDUYOT. A tractate of the Mishna. See M.
ELDAD HADANI, ed. Abraham Epstein, Pressburg, 1891. A partly invented description of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel by a tenth-century Jewish traveller of East African origin.
ENOCH. The apocryphal Book of Enoch, written in either Hebrew or Aramaic during the first century B.C. in Palestine and preserved in Greek and Ethiopic texts. 2 Enoch is a different version of the same book preserved in a Slavonic text. The best English translations of both are made by Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. ii. pp. 163 ff.
ENUMA ELISH ('When Above'), the Babylonian creation epic written in Akkadian. The best English translation is that of James B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Princeton, 1955, pp. 60–72.
EPHR. SYR. Ephraem Syrus, Commentary on Gen. See Ephraemi Syrii Opera Omnia, ed. B. Benedictus and Assemanus, Rome, 1737–43.
ERUBIN. A tractate of the Babylonian and of the Palestinian Talmud. See B. and Yer.
ESDRAS or EZRA. The name of two apocryphal books attributed to Ezra: one preserved in Greek and called either 1 Esdras, or 3 Esdras; one preserved in Latin and called either 2 Esdras or 4 Esdras. Both written originally in Hebrew, in Palestine; the first probably dates from the fourth century B.C., the second from the first century A.D.
EUSEBIUS, Praeparatio Evangelica, ed. Gifford, Oxford, 1903. Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260–340 A.D.), was Bishop of Caesarea, Palestine, and wrote several books of Church history.
EX. RAB. Exodus Rabba, a midrash on the Book of Exodus, compiled in Hebrew and Aramaic, in the eleventh century but containing much older material. Quoted by chapter and paragraph of the Wilna, 1884, edition.
G
GASTER, MA'ASIYOT. Moses Gaster (ed.), The Exempla of the Rabbis, London, 1924.
GEN. RAB. Genesis Rabba, a midrash on the Book of Genesis, compiled in the fifth century in Palestine. Quoted by page of the critical edition of J. Theodor and Ch. Albeck, Berlin, 1912–27, 2 vols.
GENESIS APOCRYPHON, ed. by N. Avigad and Y. Yadin, Jerusalem, 1956.
GILGAMESH AND THE WILLOW TREE. A Sumerian tablet from Ur, from c. 2000 B.C., published by Samuel N. Kramer as Gilgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Assyriological Studies, No. 10, Chicago, 1938.
GILGAMESH EPIC. An Akkadian epic found in Ashurbanipal's (seventh century B.C.) library, but going back to second millennium B.C. Sumerian and Hittite prototypes. See Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 72–99.
GINZBERG, L.J. The Legends of the Jews, by Louis Ginzberg, 7 vols., Philadelphia, 1909–46. The most important scholarly work on the subject.
GITTIN. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
GOSPEL OF ST. THOMAS. Published in Tischendorf's Evangelia Apocrypha.
GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY. The reference is to his book Omphalos.
GRAVES, ROBERT, The Greek Myths. Penguin Books, 2 vols., Baltimore, 1955.
GRAVES, ROBERT, The White Goddess, New York, 1948.
GUNKEL, HERMANN, Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit, 2nd ed., Göttingen, 1921.
H
HADAR. Sepher Hadar Zeqenim, ed. Leghorn, 1840. A collection of midrashic explanations to the Bible, culled from the Talmudic commentaries of the Tosaphists (thirteenth and fourteenth centuries).
HAGIGA. A tractate of the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmud. See B. and Yer.
HAGOREN. Louis Ginzberg, 'Hagadot Qetu'ot,' Hagoren, vol. 9, Berlin, 1923. The Hebrew literary magazine Hagoren was edited by Shemuel Abba Horodetzky in Berditschew and Berlin, 1899–1923.
HALLA. A tractate of the Mishna. See M.
HAMMURABI, LAWS OF. A legal code promulgated by Hammurabi (1728–1686 B.C.), the sixth king of the Old Babylonian (Amorite) Dynasty. See Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 163–80.
HEIM, ROGER, and WASSON, R. GORDON, Les Champignons Hallucinogènes du Mexique, Paris, 1958.
HUCA. Hebrew Union College Annual, Cincinnati, Ohio, vols. i ff (1924 ff).
HULLIN. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
I
IMRE NOAM. Midrashic commentary on the Pentateuch by Jacob di Illescos (fourteenth century). Printed in Constantinople, 1539, and Cremona, 1565.
J
JACOB OF EDESSA. Also known as James of Edessa (died 708). Syrian Jacobite poet, commentator, letter-writer and translator of Greek works into Syriac.
JEROME. Hieronymi Questiones Hebraicae in Libro Geneseo e. recog. P. de Lagarde, Leipzig, 1868.
JEROME'S LATIN VULGATE. See Vulgate.
JONAS, HANS, Gnosis und spätantiker Geist, 2 vols., Göttingen, 1934–54.
JOSEPH AND ASENATH. An apocryphal book written in Hebrew by Jewish Essenes. Extant in a Greek translation. See Paul Riessler, Altjüdisches Schrifttum ausserhalb der Bibel, Augsburg, 1928, pp. 497–538.
JOSEPHUS FLAVIUS. Jewish historian of the first century A.D. Wrote in Greek. His major works are The Wars of the Jews and The Antiquities of the Jews.
JOSHUA B. SHU'AIB. See Shu'aib.
JUBILEES. The apocryphal Book of Jubilees. Written, probably in the second century B.C., in midrashic vein, by a Pharisaic Jew. The original Hebrew version has been lost. The best extant version is the Ethiopia See Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. ii. 1 ff.
K
KALIR. Eleazar Kalir, lived probably in the eighth century; wrote Hebrew religious poems, of which some two hundred are extant.
KEPHALAIA. A collection of Manichaean manuscripts, published by Polotzky and Schmidt, Stuttgart, 1935–9.
KERET EPIC. An Ugaritic legend dating from the fourteenth century B.C. See Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 142–9.
KETUBOT. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
KIDDUSHIN. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
KORAN. The Bible of Islam: revealed to the Prophet Mohammed in the early seventh century at Mecca and Medina.
L
LEV. RAB. Leviticus Rabba, a midrash on the Book of Leviticus, compiled probably in the seventh century. Quoted by chapter and section from the Wilna, 1884, edition.
LIFE OF ADAM AND EVE. See Vita Adae.
LIQQUTE MIDRASHIM. A collection of thirty-one midrash-fragments, printed in BHM (q.v.) vol. v. pp. 155–64.
LIQQUTIM. Liqqutim miMidrash Abkir, ed. Solomon Buber, Vienna, 1883. A collection of the passages quoted by the Yalqut (q.v.) from the Mid. Abkir (q.v.).
LURIA. Textual comments on PRE by David Luria, printed in Warsaw, 1852. See PRE.
M
M. Mishna. The first code of Rabbinic law, written in Hebrew and compiled by Rabbi Jehuda Hanasi c. 200 A.D., in Palestine. Quoted by tractate, chapter, and paragraph.
MA'ASE ABRAHAM. A heroic midrash about the exploits of Abraham, originally written in Arabic, extant in a Hebrew translation. Printed in BHM (q.v.) vol. i. pp. 24–34.
1 MACCABEES. A historical book about the Maccabean period to the death of Simon (135 B.C.). Written in Hebrew in Palestine between 104 and 63 B.C. Extant in a Greek translation.
4 MACCABEES. A sermon about the rule of reason over the passions, written in Greek but in a strictly Jewish spirit, probably between 56 and 66 A.D.
MAKKOT. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
MANETHO. Egyptian priest and historian of the fourth century B.C. See Manetho the Historian, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass., 1940.
MASSEKHET SOFERIM. An extra-canonical tractate joined to the Babylonian Talmud (see B.) and dating from the times of the Geonim (i.e. between 589 and 1040 A.D.).
MEGILLA. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
MEKHILTA. Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, ed. M. Friedmann, Vienna, 1870. A Tannaitic midrash on Exodus, primarily intended to elucidate the laws contained in Exodus XII–XXIII. The authorities quoted are Tannaites, i.e., sages of the school of Rabbi Ishmael, who lived in Palestine not later than the second century A.D. Quoted by Pentateuchal weekly section and page.
MEKHILTA DIR. SHIMON. A midrash on Exodus attributed to Rabbi Simeon ben Yohai (second century A.D.) and compiled by Hezekiah son of Hiyya (end of second century A.D.). Quoted by page of the critical edition by David Hoffmann, Frankfurt a. M., 1905.
MENAHOT. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
MGWJ. Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. The foremost German Jewish scholarly journal. Appeared from 1852 to 1939, in Dresden and later in Breslau.
MID. Midrash. The generic name of a major type of Rabbinic literature, taking the form of exegetic expositions appended to Biblical verses. Midrashim (pl.) were written and compiled from the second to about the twelfth century.
MID. ABKIR. A lost midrash, probably compiled in the ninth century, of which some fifty passages are quoted in the Yalqut Shimoni. See Yalqut.
MID. ABKIR, ed. Marmorstein. See preceding entry.
MID. ADONAY BEHOKHMA YASAD ARETZ. A midrash on Proverbs III. 19: 'The Lord by wisdom founded the earth.' Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. v. pp. 63–9.
MID. AGADA. A midrash on the Pentateuch. Edited by Solomon Buber, photostatic reprint, New York, 1960, 2 vols. Quoted by Pentateuchal book and page number of Buber's edition.
MID. ALPHABETOT. One of several midrashim arranged in alphabetic order and attributed to Rabbi Akiba (second century A.D.), but actually compiled much later. This midrash was preserved in a sixteenth-century manuscript from Bokhara. Printed in Bate Midrashot (q.v.), vol. ii.
MID. ASERET HADIBROT. A midrash appended to the Ten Commandments, containing much cosmogonical material. Compiled in the tenth century. Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. i. pp. 62–90.
MID. HAGADOL. Compiled in the twelfth century in Yemen. Quoted by page of Solomon Schechter's edition, Cambridge, 1902.
MID. KONEN. A cosmogonical and cosmological midrash, containing four parts written by four different authors. Its contents often closely parallel such apocryphal books as Enoch, 4 Esdras, etc. Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. ii. pp. 23–39.
MID. LEQAH TOBH. A midrash on the Pentateuch, compiled probably in 1079 by the Bulgarian Tobiah ben Eliezer. Quoted by Biblical book and page of Solomon Buber's 2-volume edition, Wilna, 1880.
MID. MISHLE. A midrash and commentary on Proverbs. Compiled in the late tenth or early eleventh century, probably in Babylonia. Quoted by chapter of Proverbs and page of Solomon Buber's edition, Wilna, 1893.
MID. QOHELETH. See Eccl. Rab.
MID. SEKHEL TOBH. A midrash on Genesis and Exodus, compiled in 1139 by Menahem ben Shelomo. Edited by Solomon Buber, Berlin, 1900–1.
MID. SHEMUEL. A midrash on the Book of Samuel compiled from older writings, in Palestine, during the Gaonic period (seventh to tenth centuries). Edited by Solomon Buber, Cracow, 1893. Quoted by chapter.
MID. SHIR. Canticles Rabba, quoted by folio of the Wilna, 1887, edition.
MID. TEHILLIM. Also known as Shoher Tobh, a midrash on the Book of Psalms, compiled probably during the tenth or eleventh century in Palestine. Quoted by page of Solomon Buber's edition, Wilna, 1891; photostatic reprint, New York, 1947.
MID. WAYISSAU. A midrash on Genesis XXXV. 5 and XXXVI. 6, describing the wars of the Sons of Jacob with the Amorites and Sons of Esau. Its text is preserved in the Yalqut (q.v.), but it has close affinities with the Book of Jubilees and the Testament of Judah which attest to its antiquity. Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. iii. pp. 1–5.
MID. WAYOSHA. A midrash on Exodus XIV. 30; XV. 18, based partly on Tanhuma (q.v.), and quoted by the Yalqut (q.v.); it can therefore not be earlier than the twelfth century. Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. i. pp. 35–57.
MID. YONAH. A midrash on the Book of Jonah, compiled from the Yalqut (q.v.) on Jonah, to which is added the Hebrew translation of Zohar (q.v.), ii. 198b–199a. Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. i. pp. 96–105.
MOSES OF CHORENE (fifth century A.D.), Armenian History. French translation: Histoire d'Armenie, Venice, 1841.
MUSIL, ALOIS, Manners and Customs of the Rwala Bedouins, New York, 1928.
N
NAZIR. A tractate of the Palestinian Talmud. See Yer.
NEDARIM. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
NIDDA. A tractate of the Mishna and of the Babylonian Talmud. See B. and M.
NUM. RAB. Numeri Rabba, a midrash on Numbers, compiled in the twelfth century. Quoted by chapter and section of the Wilna, 1884, edition.
NUR AL-ZULM, 'Light of Shade and Lamp of Wisdom', by Nathanel ibn Yeshaya. Hebrew-Arabic homilies composed in 1327. Ed. by Alexander Kohut, New York, 1894.
O
OPPENHEIM, Fabula Josephi et Asenathae, Berlin, 1886.
ORIGEN (185–254 A.D.). Ecclesiastical writer, lived in Egypt, Rome and Palestine. His works were edited in the Ante-Nicene Fathers series.
OROSIUS OF TARRAGONA, Seven Books Against the Pagans. Paulus Orosius, a Spanish historian and theologian of the fifth century A.D. His Seven Books were edited by C. Zangemeister, 1882.
ORPHIC FRAGMENTS. See Tannery, Paul, 'Orphica,' Revue de Philol., Paris, 1899, pp. 126–9; 1900, pp. 54–7. 97–102.
OTZAR MIDRASHIM, ed. J. D. Eisenstein, New York, 1915. A collection of two hundred minor midrashim. Quoted by page and column.
P
PALESTINIAN TALMUD. See Yd.
PATAI, RAPHAEL, Adam weAdamah ('Man and Earth in Hebrew Custom, Belief and Legend'). In Hebrew. Jerusalem, 1942–3. 2 vols.
PATAI, RAPHAEL, Man and Temple in Ancient Jewish Myth and Ritual, Edinburgh, 1947.
PEAH. A tractate of the Palestinian Talmud. See Yer.
PESAHIM. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
PESIQTA DIR. KAHANA. A midrash of some thirty-two homilies which grew out of discourses for festivals and special Sabbaths, compiled not later than 700 A.D. Quoted by folio of Solomon Buber's edition, Lyck, 1868; photostatic reprint, New York, 1949.
PESIQTA HADTA. A medieval midrash drawing on Gen. Rab., PRE, Sepher Yetzira, etc. Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. vi. pp. 36–70.
PESIQTA HADTA. A mediaeval midrash drawing on Gen. Rab., PRE, Sepher compiled during the ninth century in Italy. Quoted by folio of M. Friedmann's edition, Vienna, 1880.
PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA, also known as Philo Judaeus. Jewish Hellenistic philosopher of the first century A.D. His works are quoted by their Latin titles, such as De Decalogo, De Migr. Abrah., De Mundi Opif., De Somn.
PHOTIUS. Ninth-century Byzantine scholar, Patriarch of Constantinople. Most of his works (Myriobiblion, Mystagogia, Letters) are printed in J. P. Migne's Patrologia Graeca.
PIRQE MASHIAH. A midrash on the messianic glories of Jerusalem, the Temple and Israel, written during the Gaonic period (seventh to tenth century A.D.) in Persia. Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. iii. pp. 68–78.
PIRQE RABBENU HAQADOSH. A collection of ethical or practical sayings attributed to Rabbi Jehuda Hanasi (second century A.D.), but compiled considerably later. Printed in Otzar Midrashim (q.v.) pp. 505–14.
PRAYER OF ASENATH. See Joseph and Asenath.
PRE. Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer, a midrash on the work of God in His Creation, and the oldest history of Israel. Attributed to Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanos, a Palestinian sage ('Tannaite') of c. 90–130 A.D., but actually written during the eighth or early ninth century in Palestine. Quoted by chapter.
PRITCHARD, JAMES B., Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Princeton, 1955.
PSALMS OF SOLOMON. Eighteen apocryphal psalms written by Jews in the first century B.C. See Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. ii. pp. 625 ff.
PSEUDO-PHILO. Guido Kish, Pseudo-Philo's Liber Antiquitatum Biblicorum, Notre Dame, Ind., 1949.
PTAHHOTEP'S MAXIMS. Precepts and wise sayings compiled by Ptahhotep, the vizier of King Izezi of the Fifth Egyptian Dynasty (c. 2450 B.C.). See Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 412–14.
R
RAGLAN, LORD. The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama. London, 1936.
RASHI. The commentary of Rabbi Shelomo ben Yitzhak (1040–1105) on the Bible. Quoted by Biblical book, chapter, and verse.
ROSH HASHANA. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
S
SABA, ABRAHAM. Tseror HaMor. A collection of animal fables, translated into Hebrew by Judah Loeb b. Kalonymos (fourteenth century) from the Arabic encyclopaedia of the Ikhwān al-Safā (Brethren of Sincerity). Printed in Mantua, 1557.
SALTAIR NA RANN. The longest Irish mediaeval poem on a religious subject, containing sections on cosmogony and speculations on the fate of the universe.
SANCHUNIATHON'S Phoenician History. Sanchuniathon was a fourth- to third-century B.C. priest born in Berytus (today Beirut) whose Phoenician History was translated into Greek by Philo of Byblus (c. 64–140 A.D.). A fragment of this work is preserved in Eusebius' Praeparatio Evangelica (q.v.).
SANH. Sanhedrin. A tractate of the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmud. See B. and Yer.
SCHATZHöHLE, DIE ('Cave of Treasures'). Ed. by Carl Bezold, Leipzig, 1883–88. A Christian life of Adam and Eve, written in Syriac during the sixth century A.D.
SEDER ARQIM. A midrash, closely related to Mid. Adonay Behokhma (q.v.), extant in a thirteenth-century manuscript. Printed in Otzar Midrashim (q.v.).
SEDER ELIAHU RABBA and SEDER ELIAHU ZUTA. An ethical midrash composed of two parts ('The Great' and 'The Small' Seder Eliahu), also known as Tanna diBe Eliahu. According to B. Ketubot 106 a, the Prophet Elijah taught Rabbi Anan (late third century A.D.) the contents of these two books. Their earliest extant manuscript, however, dates from 1073 A.D. Quoted by page of M. Friedmann's edition, Vienna, 1902–4; photostatic reprint, Jerusalem, 1960.
SEDER ELIAHU ZUTA. See preceding entry.
SEDER GAN EDEN. A midrash describing the Garden of Eden, compiled c. 1050 A.D. Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. i. pp. 131–40, with additions on pp. 194–8.
SEDER OLAM. A chronological midrash, probably compiled during the third century A.D., but subsequently revised and enlarged. Printed in Wilna, 1897. See also Al. Marx (ed.), Seder Olam (Kap. 1–10), Königsberg.
SEDER RABBA DIBERESHIT. A cosmogonical and cosmological midrash, used by the Mid. Konen and the Mid. Aseret Hadibrot (q.v.). Printed in Bate Midrashot (q.v.), vol. i. pp. 19–48.
SEPHER HAQANE WEHU SEPHER HAPELIAH, ed. Koretz, 1784. A fifteenth-century kabbalistic book by Avigdor Kanah.
SEPHER HASSIDIM, ed. by Judah Hacohen Wistinezky, Berlin, 1891–3. The author of this book of ethics, Judah ben Samuel He-Hasid, died in 1217.
SEPHER HAYASHAR, ed. by Lazarus Goldschmidt, Berlin, 1923. A late (twelfth-century A.D.) heroic midrash on Genesis, the beginning of Exodus, Numbers, and Joshua. Compiled in Spain, written in Hebrew. Quoted by page.
SEPHER HEKHALOT. A midrash on the secrets of Heaven, closely related to the Books of Enoch (q.v.). Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. v. pp. 170–90.
SEPHER NOAH. A midrash on the medical secrets given by the Angel Raphael to Noah. First quoted in the eleventh century, but has close affinities with Jubilees (q.v.). Printed in BHM (q.v.), vol. iii. pp. 150–60.
SEPHER RAZIEL. A kabbalistic work on the secrets of Heaven, creation, angels, amulets, etc. Compiled during the Gaonic period (seventh to tenth century A.D.).
SEPHER YUHASIN, ed. by Philipowski and Freiman, Frankfurt a. M., 1924. Abraham ben Samuel Zacuto, author of this chronicle, lived c. 1450–1510.
SERAPION. Physician of Alexandria, Egypt, flourished in the third century A.D.
SHABBAT. A tractate of the Babylonian and of the Palestinian Talmud. See B. and Yer.
SHET B. YEFET, Hem'at ha-Hemda. An Arabic and Hebrew commentary on the Pentateuch, written in 1284, in Babylonia. See Ginze Yerushalayim, vol. iii, edited by Samuel Aharon Wertheimer, Jerusalem, 1902, pp. 13b–15a.
SHU'AIB, JOSHUA BEN, Derashot al ha-Torah, Constantinople, 1523. The author of these kabbalistic homilies on the Pentateuch lived in the first half of the fourteenth century. Quoted by Pentateuchal weekly portion and folio.
SIEGFRIED, CARL. Philo von Alexandria als Ausleger des alten Testaments, Jena, 1875.
SIFRA. A midrash on Leviticus compiled by Hiyya son of Abba, in Palestine, c. 200 A.D. Edited by M. Friedmann, Breslau, 1915.
SIFRE. A midrash on Numbers and Deuteronomy, of Tannaitic origin (i.e., from second century A.D., Palestine). Quoted by folio of M. Friedmann's edition, Vienna, 1864; photostatic reprint New York, 1948.
SLAVONIC ENOCH. See Enoch.
SODE RAZA, or Sode Razaya. A kabbalistic work by Eleazar ben Judah of Worms, c. 1176–1238. Published by Israel Kamelhar, Bilgoraj, 1936.
SOTA. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
ST. JEROME. See Jerome.
SUKKA. A tractate of the Mishna and of the Babylonian Talmud. See B. and M.
SUSANNA. One of the apocryphal additions to the Book of Daniel. Written probably between 80 and 50 B.C. See Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. i. pp. 638 ff.
T
TAANIT. A tractate of the Babylonian and of the Palestinian Talmud. See B. and Yer.
TALE OF THE TWO BROTHERS. An Egyptian story, paralleling the Biblical story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife, and dating from the thirteenth century B.C. See Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 23–5.
TANHUMA. A midrash on the Pentateuch, based on sayings of Rabbi Tanhuma bar Abba, a Palestinian Amora (Talmudic sage) of the fourth century A.D. Quoted by Pentateuchal weekly portion and paragraph to which sometimes the folio number of the Levin-Epstein, Warsaw (undated), edition is added. For an older text see next entry.
TANHUMA BUBER. Midrash Tanhuma, an older version, edited by Solomon Buber, Wilna, 1885; photostatic reprint, New York, 1946 (2 vols.). Quoted by book of the Pentateuch and page. See preceding entry.
TANIS PAPYRUS. See Two Hieroglyphic Papyri from Tanis. I. The Sign Papyrus; II. The Geographical Papyrus. Extra (9th) Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London, 1889.
TARG. Targum, the Aramaic translation (or, rather, paraphrase) of the Bible. The Targum to the Pentateuch, called Targ. Onkelos, was completed in Babylonia during the early third century A.D. The Babylonian Targum to the Prophets, called Targ. Jonathan, dates from the fourth century A.D.
TARG. YER. The Jerusalem Targum, a paraphrastic Aramaean translation of the Pentateuch, extant only in fragments. Prepared in Palestine, probably during the first or second centuries A.D. See M. Ginsburger, Fragmenten-Targumim, 1899.
TELL AMARNA LETTERS. Three hundred and seventy-seven tablets, being letters written by petty rulers of Canaanite, Phoenician, and Syrian cities to their overlords, Amenhotep III and his son Akhenaten, in the fourteenth century B.C. See Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 483–90.
TESTAMENT OF ABRAHAM. An apocryphal book, written in Hebrew by a Jew or Jewish Christian, during the second century A.D. Extant in two Greek versions. See G. H. Box, The Testament of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, 1927.
TESTAMENT OF GAD. See Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
TESTAMENT OF ISSACHAR. See Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
TESTAMENT OF JOSEPH. See Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
TESTAMENT OF JUDAH. See Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
TESTAMENT OF REUBEN. See Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
TESTAMENT OF ZEBULON. See Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
TESTAMENTS OF THE TWELVE PATRIARCHS. An apocryphal book written in Hebrew by a Pharisaic Jew between 109 and 107 B.C. Moral teachings put into the mouths of Jacob's twelve sons on their death-beds. See Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. ii. pp. 282 ff.
THEODORET. Fifth-century Church historian, theologian and Bishop of Cyrus, Syria. His commentaries on the Old Testament and the Pauline Epistles (including the Quaest. 60 in Gen.) were published in Migne's Patrol. Graec. 80.
THEODOTION AD GEN. Theodotion prepared his Greek version of the Bible about 185 A.D.
THOMAS, BERTRAM, Arabia Felix, New York, 1932.
TOSEPHTA. A collection of Tannaitic statements and traditions closely related to the Mishna. Probably compiled by Hiyya bar Abba in Palestine, c. 200 A.D. Quoted by tractate, chapter, and paragraph of S. Zuckermandel's edition, Pasewalk, 1880; photostatic reprint with additions, Jerusalem, 1937.
TOSEPHTA ATIQTA. By Chaim Meir Horowitz, Frankfurt a. M., 1890. A collection of old extra-canonical Baraitot.
TZETZES, JOHANNES. Byzantine mythographer of the twelfth century. His extant works comprise the Chiliades, Iliaca, and commentaries on Homer, Hesiod, Aristophanes, and Lycophron.
U
UGARITIC texts, poems, or myths. See Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 129–55.
V
VITA ADAE. Full title Vita Adae et Evae, i.e., 'The Life of Adam and Eve'. An apocryphal book of Jewish origin, written probably in the first century B.C., extant in Greek, Latin, and old Slavonic versions. See Charles, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. ii. pp. 123 ff.
VULGATE. The first Latin translation of the Bible, prepared by the Church Father Jerome, and completed about 405 A.D.
W
WOOLLEY, SIR CHARLES LEONARD, Ur of the Chaldees, London, 1929.
Y
YALQUT. The first word in the title of several collections of midrashim. When followed by no name, it refers to the Yalqut Shimoni, the most important such collection, made in the first half of the thirteenth century by R. Shimeon Hadarshan of Frankfurt. Quoted by Biblical book and paragraph.
YALQUT MAKHIRI. A collection of midrashim made by Makhir ben Abba Mari in the fourteenth century, probably in Spain. Quoted by Biblical book, chapter, and verse.
YALQUT REUBENI. A collection of kabbalistic comments on the Pentateuch compiled by R. Reuben ben Hoshke Cohen (died 1673) in Prague. Quoted by volume and page of the Warsaw, 1889, 2-vol. edition.
YAQUT AL-RUMI. (1179–1229). Arab geographer of Greek origin.
YEBAMOT. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
YER. Yerushalmi ('Jerusalemite'). When followed by the name of a tractate, refers to the Palestinian Talmud, compiled in Palestine in the early fifth century A.D. and written mostly in Aramaic. Quoted by tractate, folio, and column.
YERAHMEEL. The Chronicles of Jerahmeel, translated by Moses Gaster. Oriental Translation Fund, London, 1899.
YOMA. A tractate of the Mishna and of the Babylonian Talmud. See B. and M.
Z
ZDMG. Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft.
ZEBAHIM. A tractate of the Babylonian Talmud. See B.
ZOHAR ('Splendour'). The 'Bible' of the Kabbalists, written by the Spanish Kabbalist Moses de Leon, in Aramaic, during the thirteenth century. It is a commentary on the Bible, pseudepigraphically attributed to Rabbi Simeon ben Yohai, the famous Mishna-teacher. First printed at Mantua, 1558–60, in three volumes, whose pagination is usually followed by subsequent editions, e.g., the Wilna, 1894, edition quoted here.
ZOHAR HADASH ('New Zohar'). Contains those parts of the Zohar missing in manuscripts used by editors of the Mantua version. The material was chiefly collected by Abraham Halevi Berokhim from manuscripts found at Safed. Quoted by folio of the Warsaw (Levin-Epstein) undated edition.
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