Alignment (Ma'arach): Hama'arach Le'achdut Po'alei Yisrael—The alignment for the unity of Israeli workers: left of centre Party formed in 1965 by Mapai and Ahdut Ha'avodah-Po'alei Zion.
Aliyah (literally, Ascent): immigration to the Land of Israel.
Alliance Israelite Universelle: school system founded in Paris in 1860, operating in Palestine since 1890s.
America Palestine Fund: founded 1939. Renamed America-Israel Cultural Foundation in 1948.
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (The Joint): charitable organization providing help for Jewish communities worldwide since 1914.
Amidar: national immigrant housing company set up in 1949.
Arab Democratic Party: founded in 1987 by Abdel Wahab Darawshe; first purely Arab Party to enter the Knesset.
Arab Legion: British-led Transjordanian military force active in the 1948 war.
Arab Liberation Army: Arab military force led by Fawzi el-Kaukji.
Ateret Cohanim (Crown of the Priests): founded 1979; considered it imperative for Jews to settle throughout the Land of Israel.
Banai (Brit Ne'emanei Eretz Yisrael): Alliance of the Land of Israel Faithful; formed in 1977 by Geula Cohen and Moshe Shamir in opposition to Begin's commitments at Camp David.
Betselem (In the Image): Israeli human rights organization established in 1988.
Bilu: (Beth Jacob Lechu Venelcha—House of Jacob, Come ye and let us go, Isaiah 2:5); secular and Socialist movement founded in Russia in the nineteenth century to encourage emigration of Jews to Palestine.
Brit Shalom (Peace Covenant): organization established by Palestinian Jews in 1925 to foster good Arab–Jewish relations.
Brit Trumpeldor: Revisionist youth movement founded in 1925; Known as Betar.
Bund: Jewish Socialist Workers' Party founded in Vilna in 1897; dedicated to the coming of a Russian Socialist government.
Dash: Democratic Movement for Change (DMC); political Party formed in 1976 under the leadership of Yigael Yadin.
Degel Hatorah Party: Ashkenazi ultra-Orthodox religious Party founded on eve of 1988 Knesset elections.
Elisha: organization set up in 1948 for treatment and rehabilitation of disabled soldiers.
Etzel: see Irgun.
Fatah (Victory): Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine set up in 1965, led by Abu Ammar (Yasser Arafat).
Gahal: immigrants who became soldiers on emigrating to Israel in 1948.
Galuth (Diaspora): Jews living outside Palestine/Israel.
Gedud Ha-Avodah: The Labour Legion; kibbutz movement.
Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful): extra-parliamentary religious Zionist movement established in 1975; advocating extensive Jewish settlement throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Hadassah Woman's Zionist Organization of America: established in America in 1912; active in provision of medical care and health services in Palestine/Israel.
Haganah (Defence): Jewish defence force; absorbed into Israel Defence Forces in 1948.
Hakibbutz Hadati: cooperative organization founded in 1935.
halutzim (pioneers): Jews trained in Europe and the Americas and elsewhere, mostly in agriculture, to prepare them for emigration to Palestine.
Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya): the Movement of the Islamic Resistance established in 1988, a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood; committed to Islamic rule for the whole of Palestine.
Hamashbir: national consumers' cooperative.
Haredi (plural Haredim): ultra-Orthodox, non-Zionist or anti-Zionist Jews.
Ha-Shomer (The Watchman): first self-defence association in Palestine; formed in 1909.
Ha-Shomer Hatzair (The Young Watchman): A Zionist youth movement founded in Vienna during the First World War.
Herut (Freedom): political Party founded in 1948 by Menachem Begin; part of the Likud bloc after 1973.
Hever Hakvutzot: collective association, non-Marxist, non-Socialist.
Histadrut: General Federation of Jewish Labour incorporating Solel Boneh, Hamashbir and Tnuva.
Hizballah (Party of God): Iranian-backed Palestinian movement active in South Lebanon.
IDF Israel Defence Forces (Zva Haganah le-Israel): Israel's army, navy and air force; known as both Zahal and IDF; formed from Haganah, the Palmach, the Irgun and the Stern Gang in 1948.
Irgun: (Irgun Zvai Leumi, IZL; National Military Organization) founded in 1931, known as both Irgun and, from its Hebrew initials, Etzel.
Islamic Jihad: splinter group from the Muslim Brotherhood.
Jewish Agency: the Jewish public body established in 1922, as a result of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine, to advance the interests of the Jewish population in Palestine and to take part in the development of the country; independent of the World Zionist Organization from 1929.
Jewish Colonial Trust (Juedische Colonialbank): instrument for Jewish economic development and land purchase in Palestine. Established prior to the First World War.
Jewish National Council of Palestine Jews (Va'ad Leumi): the main administrative body of Palestinian Jewry under the Mandate; also known as the General Council.
Jewish National Fund (Karen Kayemet Le'Yisrael): fund to buy land in Palestine; established 1901.
Jewish Resistance Movement: brief working together of the Irgun, the Stern Gang and Haganah during 1946. Broke down following the bombing of the King David Hotel, 22 July 1946.
Jewish Settlement Police: established by the British working with the Jewish Agency in 1937.
kibbutz (literally, ingathering): collective settlement.
Kibbutz Artzi (My Land): Marxist kibbutz organization founded in 1935.
Kibbutz Hameuhad: The United Kibbutz movement established 1927; Marxist orientated.
Knesset (Assembly): Israel's parliament.
Land of Israel Movement: political lobby founded August 1967 advocating retention of all land captured by Israel on the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Lebanese Front: coalition of Christian leaders formed in 1976, supported by Israel.
Lehi (Lohamei Herut Yisrael): Fighters for the Freedom of Israel, founded in 1940 by a breakaway group of Irgun members; cooperated with Haganah 1946; disbanded 1948; also known as the Stern Gang after its founder Avraham Stern.
Likud (union): Parliamentary bloc of right-wing Parties brought together in 1973 under General Ariel Sharon.
Lovers of Zion (Hovevei Zion): European Jewish movement established predominantly in Russia in 1884 to encourage emigration to Palestine.
ma'abara: immigrant transit camp (plural, ma'abarot).
Ma'arach: see Alignment.
Magen David Adorn: Red Shield of David; Jewish health organization, equivalent to Red Cross and Red Crescent.
Mahal (Mitnavdei Hutz La-aretz): Foreign volunteers in the Israeli War of Independence.
Maki: Israeli Communist Party founded in 1948, split 1949, and again in 1965 and then in 1975.
Mapai (Mifleget Po'alei Eretz Yisrael): the Party of the Workers of the Land of Israel, founded in 1930.
Mapam (Mifleget Poa'lim Meuhedet): United Workers' Party, founded in 1948.
Meretz (Democratic Israel): political grouping founded in 1988, incorporating Mapam, Shinui and the Civil Rights Movement of Shulamit Aloni.
Mizrachi: Religious Zionist Party founded in Vilna in 1902.
Moledet (Homeland): political Party founded on the eve of the 1988 elections which favoured 'voluntary transfer' of Arabs unwilling to accept Jewish dominance in the Land of Israel.
moshav: village of smallholders combining cooperative and private farming; first established before the First World War.
Mossad (Institution for Intelligence and Special Tasks): founded in 1951; central organization in Israel for intelligence and security, including activities beyond the borders of the State.
Mossad le-Aliyah Bet: organization for 'Immigration B' (illegal immigration) set up by Haganah in 1938 and active until 1948.
Moses Montefiore Testimonial Fund: nineteenth-century, Russian-based charitable fund to support Jewish agricultural work in Palestine; chaired by Judah Leib Pinsker.
Muslim Brotherhood: Islamic national movement founded in Egypt in 1928 aimed at giving 'new soul in the heart of this nation to give it life by means of the Koran wanted Egypt to become an Islamic kingdom.
Nahal: Pioneering and Fighting Youth; set up by the Government of Israel in 1948 to provide a combination of military and agricultural training.
National Religious Party (NRP): Zionist religious Party established 1956 with the aim of preserving 'the religious character of the State'.
Nili (Nezah Yisrael Lo Yeshakker—The Eternity of Israel Will Not Lie): Jewish spy ring founded in 1915 in Palestine to assist the British war effort behind enemy lines.
Oded: Moroccan immigrant youth movement founded in Israel in 1962.
Palestine Foundation Fund (Keren Hayesod): founded in 1920, the financial arm of the World Zionist Organization; known in the US since 1939 as the United Jewish Appeal, and later as the United Israel Appeal.
Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PICA): founded in 1891, a philanthropic organization to assist Jews worldwide and to encourage Jewish emigration from Russia and Eastern Europe to the Americas and Palestine.
Palestine Land Development Corporation: founded in 1908; purchased land with money raised by the Jewish National Fund.
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): established in 1964, an umbrella organization for Palestinian groups inside Israel and Jordan; since 1967 advocating a 'secular democratic State' in the West Bank and Gaza Strip as a possible prelude to wider statehood.
Palestine National Covenant: also known as the Palestine Charter; adopted by the PLO in 1964, redrafted in 1968, declares Palestine 'the homeland of the Arab Palestine people'.
Palmach (Plugot Mahatz): specially trained 'striking force' of the Haganah established in 1941.
Peace Now: extra-parliamentary, non-Party peace movement established in 1978 to keep the peace process 'at the forefront of the public agenda'.
Pioneers (Hehalutz): American Jewish organization set up by David Ben-Gurion and David Ben-Zvi to encourage large numbers of would-be immigrants to Palestine at the end of the First World War.
Provisional Council of State: Legislative body of the Jews of Palestine replacing the Jewish National Council; established March 1948.
Rafi (Reshimat Po'alei Yisrael U'bilti Miflagtiyim): the List of Israel Workers and Non-Partisans; a political Party formed by David Ben-Gurion in 1965.
Rakah Party (Reshimah Kommonistit Hadashah): New Communist List; predominantly Arab, established in 1965; regarded as 'bourgeois, chauvinist' and 'serving imperialism'.
Sabras: Palestinian-born Jewish youth; from the cactus fruit that is tough and prickly outside, sweet and succulent inside.
Shas (Shomrei Torah Sephardim): Sephardi Torah Guardians; ultra-religious, non-Zionist, Sephardi political Party established before 1984 elections.
She'erit Ha-Peletah (Surviving Remnant/The Saving Remnant): organization of Jewish displaced persons in Europe after 1945.
Shinui (Change): a centrist liberal, political protest movement founded in 1974, led by Amnon Rubinstein; later joined Democratic Movement for Change (Dash), and later still, Meretz.
Shlomzion: political Party founded by Ariel Sharon before 1977 election.
Small Zionist Actions Committee: Zionist movement's highest parliamentary forum before 1948.
Stern Gang: see Lehi.
Tehiyah (Revival): nationalist Party established in 1977 by the Loyalist Circle in Herut, the Land of Israel Movement and Gush Emunim in opposition to the Camp David Accords.
UNEF: United Nations Emergency Force; created after Suez War of 1956 to replace Israeli troops in Sinai.
UNIFIL: United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon established in 1982.
UNTRRA: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration formed in 1943 to assist European refugees.
UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Works Agency established to help Palestinian refugees after 1948.
UNSCOP: United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, 1947.
UNTSO: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization.
United Religious Front: grouping of all the Israeli religious Parties formed before the first Knesset and subsequently disbanded.
World Zionist Organization: founded by Theodor Herzl in 1897; active as the Jewish Agency for Palestine until 1929. After 1952 recognized by the Knesset, together with the Jewish Agency, as 'the authorized agencies which continue to operate in Israel for the development and settlement of the country, absorption of immigration and the coordination of activities in Israel of Jewish institutes active in those fields'.
Yad Vashem: The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority established in 1953 in Jerusalem.
Yeshiva: Jewish religious seminary or Talmudic college for men.
Yishuv (literally: to settle, settlement): the Jewish community in Palestine before 1948.
Yisrael B'Aliyah: Russian immigrant Party founded before the 1996 elections, headed by Natan Sharansky.
Youth Aliyah: established in 1932 to help youngsters from prewar Germany. From 1949 it undertook responsibility for youth immigration and care from every land of the Diaspora.
Zahal: see IDF.
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