[1]Pohand Abdul Hayy Habibi,Tarikh-i-Mukhtasar-i Afghanistan[Concise History of Afghanistan](Arlington,VA:Association of Afghan Refugees,1989),256—257.
[2]Mohammed Ali,Cultural History of Afghanistan(Kabul:Mohammed Ali,1964),217—220.
[3]Saira Shah,“‘Afghaniyat’ Is Alive and Well in Afghanistan,”Guardian,April 7,2011,
第2章
[4]Hasan Kawun Kakar,Afghanistan:The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response,1979—1982(Berkeley:University of California Press,1995),135—140.
[5]Ali,Cultural History of Afghanistan,198—199.
[6]This picture of the qala comes partly from conversations with Akbar Nowruz,whose family had a qala in Logar.
[7]See the discussion of Afghan society in Hasan Kawun Kakar,Government and Society in Afghanistan:The Reign of Amir ’Abdal-Rahman Khan(Austin:University of Texas Press,1979),50—66.
[8]Description of dalak drawn heavily from Akbar Nowroz's accounts plus personal experience with dalaks of my day.
[9]Ali,Cultural History of Afghanistan,199.
[10]Kakar,Government and Society in Afghanistan,124—126.
[11]Zarb-ul Masal-ha,Afghan proverbs collected by Dr.Ja'far Taheri,129.
第3章
[12]This description of Dost Mohammed comes,in part,from Alexander Burnes,Travels into Bokhara:Being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool,Tartary,and Persia(Philadelphia:E.L.Carey and A.Hart,1835),2:23.
[13]Mir Ghulam Mohammed Ghobar describes Afghan trade goods,in Afghanistan Dar Maseer-i-Tareekh,Juld-i Awal[Afghanistan in the Course of History,Volume 1](Kabul:Government Publications Department,1967),573,although he claims the economy suffered under Dost Mohammed.Fraser-Tytler has a more complimentary view of his reign.W.K.Fraser-Tytler,Afghanistan:A Study of Political Developments in Central and South Asia(London:Oxford University Press,1950),127.
第4章
[14]The phrase appears in The Wealth of Nations,bk.4,chap.7,pt.3.Smith actually qualifies the description by describing England as “a nation whose government is influenced by shopkeepers.”The book can be found at #2HCH0027.
[15]Burnes,Travels into Bokhara,1:127.
[16]Ibid.,1:128.
[17]Ibid.,1:178.
[18]Ibid.,1:210—217.
[19]Ibid.,1:234.
[20]Ibid.,2:15—17.
[21]Quoted in Ben Macintyre,The Man Who Would Be King:The First American in Afghanistan(New York:Farrar Straus Giroux,2004),201.
[22]Quoted in Karl Ernest Meyer and Shareen Brysac,Tournament of Shadows:The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia(New York:Basic Books,2006),85.
[23]Quoted by Fraser-Tytler,Afghanistan,110.For the full text of the manifesto,see Abdul Hakim Tabibi,Afghanistan:A Nation in Love with Freedom(Cedar Rapids,IA:Igram Press,1985),144—148.
第5章
[24]See Terence Blackburn,The Extermination of a British Army:The Retreat from Kabul(New Delhi:APH,2008),ix-x,for a detailed breakdown.
[25]Jules Stewart,Crimson Snow:Britain's First Disaster in Afghanistan(Gloucestershire:Sutton Press,2008),78,refers to eight hundred wives.Lady Florentia Sale,in her A Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan(Franklin,TN:Tantallon Press,2002;originally published in 1843),48,refers to the king’ s womenfolk,including wives,daughters,and serving maids,as numbering in the eight hundreds.
[26]Mohan Lal,Hindu interpreter for the British,reported this information but didn't mention the woman's name.His report was quoted by M.Saeed,Women in Afghan History,,13.
[27]Louis Dupree,Afghanistan(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1980),384.Fraser-Tytler,Afghanistan,114.
[28]Sale,Journal,6—20.
[29]Dupree,Afghanistan,382—383,quoting John William Kaye,History of the War in Afghanistan,Third Edition(London,1874),2:130.
[30]Stewart,Crimson Snow,102—103.
[31]Fraser-Tytler,Afghanistan,114.
[32]I found this diary on the Internet,but unfortunately it has vanished now.I am,however,amused to see that the phrase “frighteningly willing”made its way into the Afghan Chamber of Commerce's account of the First Anglo-Afghan war here:
[33]David Loyn,InAfghanistan(New York:Palgrave MacMillan,2009),35—46.
[34]Macintyre,Man WhoWould Be King,259—260.
[35]Dupree,Afghanistan,386.
[36]Ibid.,389.
[37]John William Kaye,History of the War in Afghanistan(New York:Palgrave MacMillan,2009),368—370.
[38]Ibid.,376.
[39]Ibid.
第6章
[40]Ghobar,Afghanistan Dar Maseer-i-Tareekh,vol.1,573.
[41]Ibid.,587—588.
[42]Ibid.,573.
[43]Ibid.
[44]Ibid.
[45]Habibi,Tarikh-i-Mukhtasar-i Afghanistan,290.
[46]Ghobar,Afghanistan dar Maseeri Tarikh,vol.1,547.
[47]Ibid.,583.
[48]Ibid.,588.
第7章
[49]Abdul Hakim Tabibi,The Politicial Struggles of Syed Jamaluddin al-Afghani(Kabul:Muassisa Intasharat Baihaqi,1977).Also see Jamil Ahmad,“Jamaluddin Afghani,”,see Nikki Keddie,Sayyid Jamal al-Din “al-Afghani”:A Political Biography(Berkeley:University of California Press,1972).
[50]Saeed,Women in Afghan History,15.
[51]Ghobar,Afghanistan Dar Maseer-i-Tareekh,vol.1,594—595.
[52]Habibi,Tarikh-i-Mukhtasar-i Afghanistan,291—293.
[53]Ghobar,Afghanistan Dar Maseer-i-Tareekh,vol.1,595—596.
[54]Ibid.,594.Sherpoor is within the city limits of today's Kabul.
第8章
[55]Niall Fergusson,Colossus,The Price of America's Empire(New York:Penguin Books,2004),15.
[56]Paul Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of Great Powers(New York:Random House,1987),151.
[57]Maud Diver,Kabul to Kandahar(London:Peter Davies,1935),21.
[58]Ibid.,29.
[59]Ibid.,48.
[60]Ibid.,54.
[61]Ibid.,55.
[62]Ibid.,58.
[63]Ibid.,61.
[64]Ibid.,94.
[65]Ibid.,98.
[66]Ibid.,100.
第9章
[67]Kakar,Government and Society in Afghanistan,3—6.
[68]Habibi,Tarikh-i-Mukhtasar-i Afghanistan.
[69]Kakar,Government and Society in Afghanistan,48.
[70]Ibid.,13.
[71]Ibid.,16;also mentioned in Saeed,Women in Afghan History,17.The story of female bodyguards comes from a conversation with Bob Darr/Abdul Hayy,author of Spy of the Heart.
[72]Kakar,Government and Society in Afghanistan,98—100.
[73]Ibid.,105.
[74]Ibid.,103—105.
[75]Ibid.,40.
[76]Ibid.,35.
[77]Ibid.,38—39.
[78]Ibid.,xxiii.
第10章
[79]Ghobar,Afghanistan in the Course of History,vol.2,19—23.
[80]Rameen Moshref,“The Life and Times of Amir Habibullah,”Afghanistan Online,,Afghanistan,408—409.
[81]Khalili,Yawd-dasht hai Ustad Kahlili[Memoirs of Master Khalili](As told to his daughter Marie)(Herndon,VA:Marie and Mohammed Afzal Nassiri,2010),25—27.
[82]Ibid.,37—38.
[83]Senzil Nawid,“Political Advocacy in Early Twentieth Century Afghan Persian Poetry,”Afghanistan Studies Journal 3(1992):5—15.
[84]Saeed,Afghan Women in History,19.
[85]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan(Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1973),11.
[86]Ludwig W.Adamec,Afghanistan,1900—1923:A Diplomatic History(Berkeley:University of California Press,1967),95.
[87]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,20—21.
[88]Ibid.,20.
[89]Khalili,Yawd-dasht hai Ustad Kahlili,28—31.
[90]Ibid.,32.
[91]Ibid.,36.
[92]Ibid.
第11章
[93]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,23.
[94]Ibid.,37.
[95]Ibid.,43.
[96]Ibid.,61.
[97]Ibid.,73.
[98]Ibid.
第12章
[99]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,188.
[100]Sana Haroon,Frontier of Faith:Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland(New York:Columbia University Press,2007),117—119.
[101]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,346.
[102]Khalili,Yawd-dasht hai Ustad Kahlili,55—59.
[103]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,378.
[104]Ibid.,377—379,403—405.
第13章
[105]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,416—417.Also see Saqao's “own”accounts of his exploits in his supposed autobiography:Habibullah Kalakani,My Life from Brigand to King(London:Octagon Press,1990),54—59,66—68,71—82.
[106]For a discussion of Saqao's image,see Ludwig Adamec,“The Two Faces of Habibullah Kalakani,”Afghanistan Studies Journal 2(1990—1991):85—90.
[107]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,425—426,435—437.Saqao's autobiography gives an amusingly different account of this episode.Kalakani,Brigand to King,115—116,118—120.
[108]Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,480.These stories were still being told when I was growing up in Kabul twenty-five years later.The poet Khalili's memoir gives a far more admiring picture of Bacha(59—60,71—82),as does his biography of Amir Habibullah Kalakani.
[109]Khalili,Yawd-dasht hai Ustad Kahlili,71—73.Rhea Talley Stewart,Fire in Afghanistan,438.
[110]Kalakani,Brigand to King,158—180.
[111]M.H.Anwar,Memories of Afghanistan(Bloomington,IN:AuthorHouse,2004),127—129.
第14章
[112]Anwar,Memories of Afghanistan,131—132.
[113]Ghobar,Afghanistan in the Course of History,vol.2,96—97.
[114]Khaled Siddiq Charkhi recounts the destruction of the Charkhi elders and the subsequent fate of surviving family members in From My Memories:Memoirs of Political Imprisonment from Childhood in Afghanistan(Bloomington,IN:AuthorHouse,2010).See 1—37.
[115]Ghobar,Afghanistan in the Course of History,vol.2,68.
[116]Anwar,Memories of Afghanistan,200—201,212—215,228,225—226,262—277.
[117]Ghobar,Afghanistan in the Course of History,vol.2,151—161.
[118]Amin Saikal,Modern Afghanistan:A History of Struggle and Survival(New York:I.B.Taurus,2004),114—115.
第15章
[119]Dupree,Afghanistan,510.
[120]When Mao Tse-tung invented the term “Third World,”he meant to label the Soviet Union and the United States together the “first world,”the developed second-tier powers such as France and Germany the “second world,”and all the undeveloped countries,including China,the third world.In common usage,First World came to mean the Capitalist West,Second World the Soviet-led Communist countries,and Third World everybody else.The exact meaning of the terms has remained ambiguous.
[121]Dimensions from Dupree,Afghanistan,483.
[122]Ibid.,513—522.
第16章
[123]I remember hearing these speeches without understanding them when I was a little boy growing up in Kabul.
[124]Dupree,Afghanistan,546—548.
第17章
[125]Dupree,Afghanistan 549.
[126]From private conversations with Nasser Hosseini,former ambassador to France,Mazar Ansary,and others.
[127]Dupree,Afghanistan,501.
第18章
[128]Raja Anwar,The Tragedy of Afghanistan:A First-Hand Account(London:Verso,1988),45.
[129]Bashir Sakhawerz,author of the novel The Snake Charmer,described these events to me in July 2011;so did Ghulam Ebadi,author of an unpublished memoir,“In Quest of Khalil,”which I was editing when he unexpectedly passed away.
[130]Anwar,Tragedy of Afghanistan,39—45.
[131]Mentioned by Khaled Hosseini,who heard it from his father's associates in the government.
第19章
[132]Conversation with Ghaffar Lakanwall,former minister of agriculture in the Karmal government,August 16,2005.
[133]Ibid.
[134]Kabul Times,page 1,August 9,1979.
[135]Conversation with Idrees Ahmad Rahmani,June 17,2011.
[136]Anwar,Tragedy of Afghanistan,129,cites a 1978—1979 survey that claims 2.5 million Afghans—one out of every six—were nomadic or seminomadic at that time.
[137]Fred Halliday,“The War and Revolution in Afghanistan,”New Left Review,no.119(January-February,1980):31.
[138]Anwar,Tragedy of Afghanistan,179—180.
[139]My cousin Farid,who was studying in New York at the same time as Amin,recollects Amin's fruitless but sincere attempt to recruit him into the Afghan Communist Party.
[140]Kakar,among others,gives the twenty-five thousand figure in his book Afghanistan:The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response,1979—1982.Anwar,Tragedy of Afghanistan,156—157,gives the eight hundred number.
[141]See Anwar,Tragedy of Afghanistan,166—173,for a detailed account of this debacle.
[142]The Russian General Staff,The Soviet-Afghan War:How a Superpower Fought and Lost(Lawrence:University Press of Kansas,2002),15.
第20章
[143]Conversation in the summer of 2002 with Malia Zulfiqar,former minister of women's affairs in the Amin government,who resigned(and then defected)because she was required to take part in episodes like this.
[144]Russian General Staff,Soviet-Afghan War,21—22.
[145]This detail comes from Mahtab Mujaddedi,who fought in Afghanistan as a Mujahid in the eighties.
第21章
[146]Kakar,Afghanistan,80.
[147]Ibid.,138.
[148]In a conversation with the author.
[149]Chronicled in Ghulam Ebadi's unpublished personal essay “The Prince and the Lion.”
[150]From Abdullah Qazi,“Biography:Ahmad Shah Massoud,”Afghanistan Online,,2001,updated 2007.
第22章
[151]In the nationwide speech delivered on July 15,1979,Carter used the phrase “crisis of confidence,”but his advisor Patrick Caddell had used the word “malaise”in his memo to Carter about the address,which became known ever after as Carter's “malaise”speech.
2.Reagan first evoked the phrase in a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals,March 8,1983,in Orlando,Florida.
[152]If you don't believe me,just Google “Gorbachev,birthmark,anti-Christ.”
[153]Nixon used variations of this phrase in his campaign speeches leading to the presidential election of 1972 and explicitly in a speech on January 23,1973,describing the Paris Peace Accords his negotiators had just signed with the North Vietnamese.
[154]Kamal Matinuddin,The Taliban Phenomenon:Afghanistan 1994—1997(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999),53.Steve Coll,Ghost Wars(New York:Penguin,2004),puts the number distributed by the CIA at twenty-three hundred,337.
第23章
[155]In a conversation with the author,July 2,2002.
[156]Coll,Ghost Wars,337,says six hundred remained in Afghan hands in 1996.
[157]Mark Urban,War in Afghanistan(New York:St.Martin's Press,1988),241—243.
[158]
第24章
[159]Peter Tomsen,The Wars of Afghanistan(New York:Public Affairs,2011),17.
[160]Matinuddin,Taliban Phenomenon,18.
[161]Ibid.,20.
[162]Ahmad Rashid,Taliban:Militant Islam,Oil,&Fundamentalism in Central Asia(New Haven:Yale Note Bene,Yale University Press,2000),178.
[163]
[164]For a complete list of countries in the coalition and their troop contributions,see
[165]Various sources,such as BBC news reports,
[166]Department of Defense() official count of Americans killed in this war is 147.CNN(—04—17/world/sprj.irq.casualties_1_combat-deathscasualties-coalition-deaths?_s=PM:WORLD) set total coalition casualties at 358.For casualties on the Iraqi side,see ,as discussed by John Heidenrich,“The Gulf War:How Many Iraqis Died?”Foreign Policy,no.90(Spring 1993):108—125.
[167]Michael Klare,Resource Wars:The New Landscape of Global Conflict(New York:Henry Holt,2001),2—3;also see CIA estimates of oil reserves worldwide at
[168]Matinuddin,Taliban Phenomenon,65—66.
[169]Michael Griffin,Reaping the Whirlwind:The Taliban Movement in Afghanistan(London:Pluto Press,2001),36—37.
[170]Ibid.,40.
[171]Matinuddin,Taliban Phenomenon,49—50.According to US State Department cables,however,US intelligence believed Pakistan directly funded and armed the Taliban.See ～nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm#15#15.
第25章
[172]Matinuddin,Taliban Phenomenon,87.
[173]For a full picture,see Abdul Salam Zaeef,My Life with the Taliban,ed.Alex Strick van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn(New York:Columbia University Press),2010.
[174]Tomsen,Wars of Afghanistan,20.
[175]Ibid.,17.
第27章
[176]Coll,Ghost Wars,548.
[177]Ibid.,538.
[178]Ibid.,543.
[179]Zaeef,My Life with the Taliban,141—143.
[180]
第28章
[181]Ahmad Rashid,Descent into Chaos:The United States and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan,Afghanistan,and Central Asia(New York:Viking,2008),90—93.
第29章
[182]This data is collected from a variety of sources including Lydia's Poole's report to Global Humanitarian Assistance at ://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05742.pdf.
[183]Interviewed in the movie DefyingSilence by Stacia Teele and Ed Robbins.
[184]
[185]
[186]Joel Brinkley,“Pity Afghanistan's Children,”San Francisco Chronicle,November 6,2011.
第30章
[187]Gayle Lemmon,“Raisins Give Hope to Afghan Farmers,”New York Times,October 8,2010.
[188]This statistic was cited by a speaker at a September 2003 fund-raising event in Marin County for Roots for Peace,an NGO dedicated to removing land mines from war-torn areas and planting grapevines in the clear soil.
[189]
[190]General Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees,July 2005,Afghanistan Reconstruction:Despite Some Progress,Deteriorating Security and Other Obstacles Continue to Threaten Achievement of U.S.Goals(Washington,DC:GAO,2005),
[191]Tomsen,Wars of Afghanistan,640;and Sayid Sattar Langary,Women from Afghanistan in Diaspora(Bloomington,IN:AuthorHouse,2010),xii.
[192]Lydia Poole,Afghanistan:Tracking Major Resource Flows,2002—2010(Wells,UK:Global Humanitarian Assistance),
[193]Fariba Nawa,“Deconstructing the Reconstruction:A Corpwatch Investigative Report,”,15.
[194]Afghan Amabassador Tayeb Jawad(in a speech at the University of California-Berkeley,April 2007) claimed that two-thirds of the money allocated to aid in Afghanistan was banked in America.See also Matthew Nasuti,“America's ‘Phantom Aid’ to Afghanistan,”Atlantic Free Press,November 4,2009,
[195]A June 2011 Majority Staff Report to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee estimated that posting one US civilian in Afghanistan costs half a million dollars,excluding security expenses and salary.Evaluating U.S.Foreign Assistance to Afghanistan(Washington,DC:US Government Printing Office,2011),—21.pdf,7.
10.Conversation with James Ritchie,June 14,2006.
[196]Conversation with Wahid Mohmand,2006.
第31章
[197]Fariba Nawa,Opium Nation:Child Brides,Drug Lords,and One Woman's Journey Through Afghanistan(New York:Harper Perennial,2011),100—101.See also Gretchen Peters,“The Taliban and the Opium Trade,”in Antonio Giustozzi,ed.,Decoding the New Taliban(New York:Columbia University Press,2009),14.
[198]Nawa,Opium Nation,142—144.
[199]Joshua Partlow,“Afghan Minister Accused of Taking Bribe,”Washington Post,November 18,2009,
[200]Jonathan Landay,“Factory,Coal Mine Show Connections Matter Most in Afghan Business,”McClatchy Newspapers,Washington Bureau,November 14,2010,
[201]Dr.Nadir Atash,Turbulence:The Tumultuous Journey of One Man's Quest for Change in Afghanistan(New York:Planetpix Productions,2009),188—189.
[202]Ben Farmer,“Karzai Under Pressure After Investigations Target 15 Officials on Corruption Charges,”Telegraph,November 23,2009,
[203]Arthur Kent,“West's Afghan Mission Undone by Farcical Spy vs.Spy Bribes,”Sky Reporter,August 31,2010,
[204]Conversation with Humaira Ghilzai,January 2,2012.
[205]Jonathan Steele,“US Convinced Karzai Half-Brother Is Corrupt,WikiLeaks Cables Say,”Guardian,December 2,2010,;see also Dexter Filkins,Mark Mazzetti,and James Risen,“Brother of Afghan Leader Said to Be Paid by C.I.A.,”New York Times,October 27,2009,
[206]Dexter Filkins,“Iran Is Said to Give Top Karzai Aide Cash by the Bagful,”New York Times,October 23,2010,
第32章
[207]Christopher Reuter and Borhan Younus,“The Return of the Taliban in Andar District,”in Giustozzi,Decoding the New Taliban,101,105.
[208]Tim Golden,“In U.S.Report,Brutal Details of 2 Afghan Inmates’ Deaths,”New York Times,May 20,2005,,“U.S.Examines Death of Afghan in Custody / Pathologist Described It as a Homicide,”San Francisco Chronicle,March 3,2003,A-5,#ixzz1dtkZHw3U.
[209]Reuter and Younus,“Return of the Taliban,”102—103.
[210]Duncan Campbell and Kitty Logan,“The Man Who Thinks He's George Clooney.A Story of Today's Kabul,”Guardian,July 9,2004.
[211]Reuter and Younus,“Return of the Taliban,”109—110.
[212]Joanna Nathan,“Reading the Taliban,”in Giustozzi,Decoding the New Taliban,25—26.
[213]Peters,“The Taliban and the Opium Trade,”in Giustozzi,Decoding the New Taliban,13—14.
[214]Tom Coghlan,“The Taliban in Helmand:An Oral History,”in Giustozzi,Decoding the New Taliban,119—120.
第33章
[215]“UNICEF Alarmed as Attacks on Afghan Schools Rise,”Unicef News,,“Taliban Behead High School Teacher in Southern Afghanistan,”New York Times,January 4,2006,
[216]See,for example,Abdul Awaal Zabulwal,“Taliban in Zabul:A Witness Account,”184—186,and David Kilcullen,“Taliban and Counter-Insurgency in Kunar,”238—240,both in Giustozzi,Decoding the New Taliban.
[217]Mohammed Osman Tariq Elias,“The Resurgence of the Taliban in Kabul,Loar,and Wardak,”in Giustozzi,Decoding the New Taliban,50—52.
[218]Nawa,Opium Nation,176.
第34章
[219]Amy Belasco,Troop Level in the Afghan and Iraq Wars,FY2001—1012(Washington,DC:CRS Report for Congress,July 2,2009),#16.
[222]Sayyaf,a leading Mujahideen commander,and Amin,the Communist president,were related by marriage:their wives were sisters.In my village,some men were affiliated with Hezb-i-Islam while their cousins fought for Parcham.
[223]David Hastings,“The Runaway General:The Rolling Stone Profile of Stanley McChrystal That Changed History,”Rolling Stone,June 22,2010,
[224]Spencer Ackerman,“25 Tons of Bombs Wipe Afghan Town Off Map,”Wired,January 19,2011,
[225]Taimour Shah and Alyssa Rubin,“Taliban Proudly Describes Secrets of Great Escape,”Sydney Morning Herald,April 27,2011.
[226]Geneva Sands,“Gingrich:‘I Don't See a Path Ahead’ for Reform in Afghanistan,”Hill,March 13,2012,
第35章
[227]Kirk Semple,“Big Weddings Bring Afghans Joy,Debt,”New YorkTimes,January 14,2008,
[228]Conversation with Rahmani,now doing his doctoral studies at UCLA,June 17,2011.
[229]Peters,“The Taliban and the Opium Trade,”9.
[230]Elizabeth Rubin,“Studio Kabul,”New York Times Sunday Magazine,October 24,2010,40.
[231]
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